The third most important determinant of farmers income and economic justification in Afghanistan is access to markets. These issues are regional and interconnected with the social, economic, and infrastructure conditions of Afghan farmers. Farmers in these regions confront high transaction costs stemming from limited access to basic agricultural inputs, lack of infrastructure, and the lingering impact of conflict, making it exceedingly difficult for farmers to effectively participate in the market (Goliaei, 2023; Islam et al., 2023; Groninger & Pense, 2013). 

Research designates that transaction costs, admit the time and resources required to progress to market,  play a significant role in determining Fannie Farmers participation in market natural action. For representative, a gain in the distance to the urban nerve center decreases the likeliness of farmers to trade their green goods, thereby bound their food market involution (Ouma et al., 2010). Moreover, the want of reliable market information aggravate these challenge, as Fannie Farmer frequently scramble to make informed decision regarding pricing and mart opportunities (Magesa et al., 2020). 

Additionally, the socio-political instability in Afghanistan create an environment where grocery access is further compromised. Husbandman frequently front barrier such as high transportation price, special admittance to quotation, and insufficient agricultural extension phone avail, which collectively diminish their capacity to market their production in effect (Mpandeli & amp; Maponya, 2014). Consequently, these challenges not but impact farmers income and  also conduce to broader issues of food insecurity and economic instability within the region (Goliaei, 2023). In summary, the challenges of market access for Afghan farmers are complex and interrelated, necessitating targeted interventions that address both infrastructural and informational deficits to enhance their participation in agricultural markets.

Access to the market of farmers in Afghanistan presents a myriad of challenges that significantly hinder the agricultural sectors growth and farmers economic viability. These challenges stem from a combination of socio-economic factors, infrastructural deficiencies and ongoing conflict, which collectively impede farmers ability to engage effectively in market activities. One of the primary barriers to market access for Afghan farmers was the lack of agricultural inputs and credit facilities. Research indicates that limited access to essential resources such as quality seeds, fertilizers and financial capital restricts farmers productivity and their ability to participate in markets (Samim et al., 2021; Samim & Hu, 2020; Moahid et al., 2021).

Moreover, this concern is made worse by the weakness of Agricultural extension services of human resources, farmers are often unable to enhance their production techniques and marketing strategies (Moahid et al., 2021; Groninger & Pense, 2013). It is worth adding that the ongoing conflict in the region exacerbates the problem of food insecurity since agricultural activities are affected and households become more prone to food shortages (Samim et al., 2021; Jamali, 2023). And, in addition to the limited resources, access to the market was also affected a lot through infrastructural challenges. The presence of poor road networks and insufficient transport facilities, for example, prevent farmers from accessing markets and this subsequently raises transaction costs while also lowering their bargaining power (Jamali, 2023) A large number of farmers depend on middlemen for selling their crops as it is much easier for traders to sell at their farm gates, reducing profit margins (Sebatta et al., 2014; Permadi & Winarti, 2018).

Moreover, the absence of market information and communication technologies restricts farmers from learning about market opportunities and price changes, leading to additional isolation from possible other buyers (Hlatshwayo et al., 2021; Tonny et al., 2019). In addition, the socio-political factors of Afghanistan greatly influence market conditions. Chronic instability and insecurity discourage investment in agricultural infrastructure and services and lead to a fragmented market system that is unfriendly to smallholders in the value chains (Jamali, 2023; Elham et al., 2020). Moreover, farmers get constrained by the market prices which are sometimes too low; they will not produce more than their requirements because returns would not justify their investments (Samim & Hu, 2020; Moahid et al., 2021). The fluctuation of climate conditions is a challenge for farmers to settle on standard operations in markets resulting in crop yield (Samim & Hu, 2020; Elham et al., 2020). Market challenges pose a significant barrier for small-scale farmers in Limpopo, South Africa, where limited access to markets hampers their ability to sell their products. Similarly, Chamberlin and Jayne, (2013) highlight that high marketing costs and geographical isolation worsen the already poor market access conditions for smallholder farmers in rural Kenya. These infrastructural problems not only hinder the physical transportation of goods but also result in higher input costs and lower selling prices for their products, which further discourages participation in the market (Yamano & Kijima, 2011). Transaction costs represent another major obstacle to market access. Abdul-Rahaman and Abdulai, (2020) point out that high transaction costs, driven by poor infrastructure and market inefficiencies, restrict smallholder farmers participation in both input and output markets. This view is supported by Ouma et al. (2010), who argue that transaction costs are a major constraint for smallholder farmers in developing nations, highlighting the need for policies that reduce these costs to improve market access. Additionally, the presence of multiple intermediaries in the market chain often exacerbates these costs, leading to less efficient production and investment decisions, as noted by Rose and Prema, (2020). Access to credit also remains a key challenge for farmers, limiting their ability to invest in modern technologies and agricultural inputs, which impacts their productivity and market participation (Osabohien et al., 2020). Asfaw et al. (2017) further emphasize that the lack of credit access prevents farmers from diversifying their income sources, thus limiting their overall market involvement. This financial barrier is further worsened by limited access to market information, which is essential for making informed decisions regarding production and sales (Magesa et al., 2020).

Furthermore, market price volatility represents a significant risk for smallholder farmers, discouraging their market participation. Mensah, (2020) explains that frequent price fluctuations introduce uncertainty, which increases transaction costs and risks, further deterring farmers from engaging in the market. This problem is particularly severe in areas where farmers lack access to accurate market information and mechanisms to stabilize prices (Donkor et al., 2021). In summary, the challenges smallholder farmers face in accessing markets are multifaceted and inter-connected, involving infrastructural weaknesses, high transaction costs, limited access to credit, and price instability. Overcoming these challenges requires a comprehensive approach that improves infrastructure, lowers transaction costs, expands access to credit, and ensures reliable market information. Such efforts are crucial for empowering smallholder farmers and facilitating their effective participation in agricultural markets. In conclusion, Afghan farmers encounter numerous barriers to accessing markets, including limited resources, poor infrastructure, socio-political instability, and insufficient market information. Addressing these challenges requires a comprehensive approach that enhances access to agricultural inputs, improves infrastructure, ensures the availability of vital market information, and fosters a stable political environment conducive to agricultural growth. Market access is a critical issue for smallholder farmers globally, particularly in developing countries. This literature review consolidates various studies that highlight the multifaceted obstacles these farmers face in reaching markets, such as inadequate infrastructure, high transaction costs, and restricted access to essential resources like credit and information. A major concern identified is the lack of proper infrastructure, with inadequate roads and transport options significantly increasing transaction costs and hindering farmers ability to reach markets efficiently (Mpandeli & Maponya, 2014).

The fact that farmers incomes are increasing is many-faceted, hinging on several critical variables related to agricultural productivity, innovation, and economic policies. Such a review of the literature reveals that enhancing agricultural output is key to economic development, especially in developing countries. For example, Mohamud underscores the idea that for a country like Somalia, where agriculture constitutes the lions share of the overall economy, nothing but increased agricultural productivity will ensure economic growth (Mohamud, 2023).

Poudel et al. indeed observe a positive relation between the agricultural sector and real GDP in the case of Nepal, meaning that an increase in agricultural productivity can have spillover effects on the whole economy (Poudel et al., 2021). Another key driver of substantial farmer income gains is the adoption of innovative agricultural practices. Širá and Pukała discuss the management of agricultural innovations and their role in economic development, suggesting that adopting new technologies and practices can raise the production of crops and livestock, thereby elevating the incomes of farmers (Širá & Pukała, 2020). Similarly, Ayodele et al. highlight the importance of innovation in agribusiness performance, arguing that it mediates the relationship between internal and external environments, ultimately leading to better economic outcomes for farmers (Ayodele et al., 2019).

This perspective is supported by the findings of Shrestha et al. who note that improving efficiency in smallholder vegetable farms can significantly enhance household income (Shrestha et al., 2022). Furthermore, the role of government policies and investment in agriculture cannot be overstated. Sokhan discusses the impact of globalization on agricultural investment management in China, suggesting that strategic investments can promote agricultural development and enhance farmers economic security (Sokhan, 2023). Similarly, Nyamek et al. assess the contribution of the agricultural sector to the economic growth and development of Ghana and find that good policies can provide prospects for increased agricultural output and farmers incomes (Nyamekye et al., 2021). Another pre-requisite pertains to infrastructural support and market access. Smallholder farmers in Nepal face different challenges due to insufficient services, which ultimately hamper productivity (Shrestha et al., 2022).

Objectives of the study 

1. To analyze the challenges of market access faced by the farmers in Afghanistan.
2. Recommendations for Enhancing Farmers Market Access and Income

Data Collection Tool

For this research, we are using Google Forms as our data collection tool. Google Forms is an effective tool for creating multiple-choice questions, rating scales, and open-ended questions, allowing for the immediate collection of responses. This enables us to easily gather insights and experiences from farmers, traders, and consumers to obtain accurate and reliable information to achieve the objectives of the study. 

Sampling Technique

Stratified random sampling was employed to ensure a diverse representation of participants across various categories of farmers. Data was collected from 371 farmers from different provinces, with a particular focus on smallholder and medium-scale farmers.

Participants and Sampling

In this study, the participants were a diverse group consisting of farmers, university students, and professors. This diverse sampling approach will help us gather a comprehensive range of insights regarding the challenges farmers face in accessing markets and the potential solutions.

Data Collection Methods

1. Google Forms: A structured questionnaire was distributed through Google Forms to farmers in provinces where access is limited. This method allowed us to reach farmers in remote areas and ensure we gather data from a broader range of participants.

2. Face-to-Face Interviews: For regions with more accessible areas, face-to-face interviews were conducted to obtain more detailed insights and ensure the accuracy of the collected data.

Data Analysis

The collected data were analyzed by using both quantitative and qualitative methods Quantitative Analysis: The quantitative data from Google Forms Was analyzed by using statistical software such as SPSS or Excel. This analysis was focus on descriptive statistics to summarize participant responses, such as means and frequencies. Additionally, inferential statistics may be employed to explore correlations among different participant groups (farmers, students, and professors) regarding their views on market access challenges. Qualitative Analysis: Qualitative responses from open-ended questions will be analyzed using thematic analysis. This involves coding the responses to identify common themes related to market access challenges and potential solutions. The qualitative insights will complement the quantitative findings, providing a more comprehensive understanding of the issues faced by farmers.

Table 1: Farmers education level in Afghanistan during 2023-24.

Field survey data or Self-calculation of the data

The educational attainment data Revealed that (48.52%) of the surveyed population is illiterate, while( 35.04%) have completed high school. Those with a Bachelors degree represent (15.63%) and only (0.54%) have a Masters degree, with Doctorate holders at a minimal 0.27%. This distribution indicates a significant need for educational improvement and greater access to higher learning opportunities in the community.

Table 2: Market access barriers for Afghan farmers in 2024.

Field survey data or Self-calculation of the data

 

The data on market access challenges reveals several significant barriers faced by individuals. The most pressing issue was a lack of information about prices, affecting (21.56%) of respondents, followed by transport issues at (18.33%.) Additionally, (10.78%) struggle with the absence of markets, while (8.09%) experience distrust of traders and the influence of middlemen. Other notable challenges include increased taxes (9.43%), lack of infrastructure (12.40%), and product deterioration (11.32%). These challenges highlight the need for targeted interventions to improve market access and enhance economic conditions in the community.

Market issues for accessing the market

Table 3 The research on storage problems in the market revealed several key challenges. The most significant issue is a lack of infrastructure, affecting (24.26%) of respondents. Additionally, (20.22%) report a lack of knowledge about effective storage practices, while (17.52%) face equipment shortages. High storage costs impact (15.90%) of individuals, and energy shortages affect (13.48%). Climate change is also a concern for (8.63%.) These findings highlight the urgent need for improvements in storage facilities, education, and resources to enhance market efficiency. The data on factors contributing to increased farmers income highlights several key elements that can enhance their financial well-being. A significant factor was better market access and information systems, identified by (16.17%) of respondents, which enables farmers to make informed decisions and reach broader markets. Good crop production, cited by (18.33%), is another crucial aspect, emphasizing the importance of quality yields. Government policies and support played a role for (9.43%) of farmers while improving product quality is recognized by (12.13%) as essential for commanding higher prices.

 

Table 3: Storage problems that farmers faced in Afghanistan in 2024.

Field survey data or Self-calculation of the data 

Table 4: Factors that increase the income level of the farmers in Afghanistan in 2024.

Field survey data or Self-calculation of the data

 Transportation improvements, although less frequently mentioned at (7.55%), are still vital for reducing costs and increasing efficiency. Access to international trade was noted by (5.66%), reflecting the potential for broader markets. Other contributing factors include private sector investment (2.43%), stability of market prices (7.01%), financial support (5.39%), agricultural technology (9.97%), and the establishment of cooperatives (5.93%). Together, these elements illustrate a multifaceted approach to boosting farmers incomes, emphasizing the need for comprehensive strategies that address various aspects of agricultural production and market dynamics.

The study reveals significant socio-economic challenges faced by farmers, particularly in education, market access, storage, and income generation. With 48.52% of the surveyed population identified as illiterate, there was a critical need for educational improvements and broader access to higher learning opportunities. Market access was hindered by barriers such as inadequate price information (21.56%), transport issues (18.33%), and insufficient infrastructure (12.40%), alongside distrust of traders and rising taxes. Storage problems, including inadequate facilities (24.26%) and high costs (15.90%), further impact market efficiency. Income generation is primarily influenced by better market access (16.17%), good crop production (18.33%), and supportive government policies (9.43%). Fruits contributed significantly to farmers income (80.41%), emphasizing the importance of diversifying into high-value crops for enhanced financial stability. This study highlights the urgent need for targeted interventions to tackle educational deficits, improve market access, and upgrade storage infrastructure, ultimately fostering greater economic stability and prosperity for farming communities. To address these challenges, several recommendations are proposed

• Focus on educational development by implementing literacy programs and expanding access to higher education in rural areas.
• Improve market access by establishing reliable price information systems, enhancing transport infrastructure, and reducing market taxes.
• Address storage challenges by investing in modern facilities, training farmers in effective storage practices, and providing affordable storage equipment
• Promote income diversification through support for high-value crops like fruits and vegetables and facilitating access to international markets.
• Strengthen government and private sector involvement to ensure investment in market infrastructure, price stabilization mechanisms, and cooperative development.
• These strategies, if implemented effectively, can enhance farmers livelihoods, improve market efficiency, and contribute to the overall economic stability of the region.

This research was conducted in compliance with ethical standards. All necessary approvals were obtained, and participants consent was ensured before data collection.

F.K.A.: Conceptualization, Methodology,  Writing - Original Draft Data Analysis, Writing; E.O.: Data Collection, - Review & Editing;  A.W.N.: Writing - Original Draft, Data Analysis; and A.Q.K.: Supervision, Funding Acquisition, Project Administration.

The farmers who took part in this study, as well as the data collectors and research assistants who made the field surveys easier, are all greatly appreciated by the authors. We would especially like to thank Afghan International Islamic University , Laghman  University, Paktia University, and Spinghar Institute of Higher Education (Kabul campus) for their academic and logistical support over the entire research process.

Regarding this study, the authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.