,
,
,
ABSTRACT
In the present study, the evaluation of mineral contents of black pepper seeds is determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The mineral analysis of the Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) of black pepper consists of Manganese (Mn) 2.282 ± 0.01 µg/ml, Magnesium (Mg) 8.148 ± 0.08 µg/ml, Copper (Cu) 0.27 ± 0.005 µg/ml, Zinc (Zn) 0.593 ± 0.01 µg/ml and Iron (Fe) 0.89 ± 0.005 µg/ml. The efficiency and stability of natural antioxidants in black pepper seed oil are determined by reducing power (FRAP). Free radicals present in oils and fats are responsible for harmful for the body cell. The stability of natural antioxidants of black pepper seed oil and their significance at different concentrations is calculated by the One Way ANOVA Test. In the present study, the result showed that the increased concentration of black pepper seed oil by solvent soxhlet extraction and cold pressing (25 µg/ml - 100 µg/ml) has a positive correlation with reducing power assay. The result showed that black pepper oil can remove toxic compounds produced in the body and help maintain the body cells. In addition, the extraction methods can be helpful for the improvement in the preservation of important nutrients that may be sensitive to thermal heat. Cold pressing is a useful method as it can exclude the use of heat as well as organic solvent in the soxhlet method.
1) Abbasi BH, Ahmad N, and Mahmood T. (2010). Conventional and modern propagation techniques in piper nigrum. J. Med. Plant Res., 4(1), 7-12.
2) Abdou, HM. (2011). Comparative Antioxidant Activity Study of Some Edible Plants Used Spices in Egypt. J. American Sci., 7, 1118-1122.
3) Abdullahi M, Buhari SF, and Abdul rauf I. (2011). Antimicrobial Activity of Bombax Buo-nopozense P. Beauv. (Bombacaceae) Edible Floral Extracts. Eur. J. Sci. Res., 48, 627-630.
4) Ahmad N, Fazal H, and Abbasi BH. (2011). In vitro Larvicidal potential and Antioxidative enzymes activities in Ginkgo biloba, Stevia rebaudiana and Partheniumhysterophorous. Asian Pacific J. of Tropical Medicine, 169-175.
5) Ahmad N, Fazal H, and Farooq S. (2010). An efficient free radical scavenging activity in Ginkgo biloba, Stevia rebaudiana and Parthe-niumhysterophorous leaves through DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). Inter. J. Phytomed., 2, 231-239.
6) Ahmad N, Fazal H, and Khan KY. (2011). DPPH scavenging antioxidant potential in reg-enerated tissues of Stevia rebaudiana, Citrus sinensis and Saccharum officinarum. J. Med. Plant Res., 5, 3293-3297.
7) Ahmad N, Fazal H, and Fatima N. (2010). Efficient regeneration and antioxidant potential in regenerated-tissues of Piper nigrum L. Plant Cell Tiss Org., 102, 129-134.
8) Ahmad N, Fazal H, and Abbasi BH. (2011). Free Radical Scavenging (DPPH) Potential in Nine Mentha Species. J. of Toxicology and Industrial Health, 10, 1174-77.
9) Ahmad U, Raja NI, and Wali R. (2024). Physiochemical properties of black pepper (Piper nigrum L) seed oil as affected by different extraction methods. INT. J. Biol. Biotech., 21(2), 195-201.
10) Akpanyung EO. (2005). Proximate and Mineral elements composition of Bouillon cubes produced in Nigeria. Pak. J. Nutri., 4, 327-329
11) Al-Jasass FM, and Al-Jasser MS. (2012). Chemical composition and fatty acid content of some spices and herbs under Saudi Arabia conditions. Sci World J.
https://doi.org/10.1100/2012/859892
12) Bouba AA, Njintang NY, and Mbofung CMF. (2012). Proximate Composition, Mineral and Vitamin Content of Some Wild Plants Used as Spices in Cameroon. F. N. S., 3, 423-432.
13) Chung YC, Chen SJ, and Chou ST. (2005). Studies on the antioxidative activity of Grapto-petalum paraguayense E. Walther. Food Chem., 91, 419-424.
14) Darko B, Ayim I, and Voegborlo R. (2014). Afr. J. Food Sci., 8, 14.
15) David MB, and Choe E. (2003). Effect of singlet oxygen oxidant on the favor of foods and stability of vitamins. J. Food Sci. Biotech., 38(1), 582-586.
16) Jones T. (2017). 14 healthy foods which are high in potassium.
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/high-potassiu m-foods
17) Krause M, Vieira LV, and Maria MDWD. (2019). Multi element evaluation in Black Pepper (piper nigrum. L) According to the processing. J Braz. Chem. Soc., 31,141
18) Lee, Joon-Goo, Chae, Young, Shin, and Young-Jun. (2020). Chemical composition and antioxidant capacity of black pepper pericarp. Applied Biological Chemistry, 63.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13765-020-00521-1
19) Lindsay WL, and Norvell WA. (1978). Deve-lopment of a Dtpa Soil Test for Zinc, Iron, Manganese, and Copper. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 42, 421-428.
20) Muhtaseb MS, El-Talwar D, and Foulisa FIG. (2008). Free radical activity and lipidsoluble anti-oxidant vitamin status in patients with long-termileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Colorectal Dis., 11, 67-72.
21) Nair KP. (2011). Agronomy and Economy of Black Pepper and Cardamom, 1st ed.; Elsevier: Waltham, USA.
22) Naseri MKG, and Yahyavi H. (2007). Spas-molytic Activity of Piper nigrumfruit aqueous extract on rat Non-Pregnant Uterus. Iranian J. Pharma. Therapeut., 6, 35-40.
23) Obinna NC, Nwodo SC, and Kehinde OO. (2009). Antibacterial effects of extracts of Ocimum gratissimum and Piper guineense on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. African J. Food Sci., 3, 077-081.
24) Olivera PJ, Mila, and Mladen M. (2006). Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oils of Twelve Spice Plants. Croatica Chemica Acta, 79(4), 79.
25) Ozcan MM, and Akbulut M. (2007). Estimation of minerals, nitrate and nitrite contents of medicinal and aromatic plants used as spices, condiments and herbal tea. Food Chem, 106, 852–858.
26) Quan L, Li SF, and Gu L. (2004). Determination of organochlorine pesticides residue in ginseng root by orthogonal array design soxhlet extrac-tion and gas chromatography. Chromato-graphia., 1, 89-93.
27) Rahman MM, Hasna MK, Shumsun N, Hasan R, Islam MN, Kabir MH, and Delwar M Hossain. (2020). Evaluation of some fungicides against collar rot Disease of soybean. Am. J. Pure Appl. Sci., 2(5), 159-166.
https://doi.org/10.34104/ajpab.020.01590166
28) Selvendiran K, and Sakthisekaran D. (2004). Chemopreventive effect of piperine on modu-lating lipid peroxidation and membrane bound enzymes in benzo (α) pyrene induced lung carcinogenesis, Biomed. Pharmacother., 58, 264-267.
29) Sharif IH, Haque MA, Jamal MAHM, and Uddin ME. (2019). Assessment and biomonitoring of the effect of rapeseeds oil on wister rat organs. Am. J. Pure Appl. Sci., 1(4), 20-29.
https://doi.org/10.34104/ajpab.019.0192029
30) Shahen MZ, Mahmud S, Uddin ME and Alam MS. (2019). Effect of antibiotic susceptibility and inhibitory activity for the control of growth and survival of microorganisms of extracts of C. officinalis, Eur. J. Med. Health Sci. 1(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.34104/ejmhs.0190109
31) Sielicka M, and Samotyja U. (2013). Solvent influence on antioxidant activity assay of selected cold-pressed plant oils. J. Conference Biotech., 67-74.
32) Soylak M, Cihan Z, and Yilmaz E. (2012). Environ. Monit. Assess. 184, 3455
33) Upadhyay R, and Jaiswal G. (2007). Evaluation of biological activities of Piper nigrumoil against Tribolium castaneum. Bulletin Insect., 60(1), 57-61.
34) Uyoh EA, Chukwurah PN, and Antia VA. (2013). Potentials of Two Nigerian Spices, Piper nigrumand Monodoramyristicaas Sources for Cheap Natural Antioxidants. A. J. P. S., 4, 1105-1115.
35) Valantina RS, and Neelamegam P. (2015). Selective ABTS and DPPH- radical scavenging activity of peroxide from vegetable oils. Inter Food Research J., 22, 289-294.
36) Veronese N, Watutantrige-Fernando S, and Stubbs B. (2016). Effect of magnesium supple-mentation on glucose metabolism in people with or at risk diabetes, a systematic review and meta-analysis of double blind randomized controlled trials. Eur J Clin Nutr, 70,1354-1359
37) Vijayakumar RS, and Nalini N. (2006). Piperine, an active principle from Piper nigrum, modulates hormonal and apo lipoprotein profiles in hyper-lipidemic rats. J Basic Clin. Physiol. Pharma-col., 17, 71-86.
38) Zhang LL, and Xu JG. (2015). Comparative Study on Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oil from White and Black Pepper. E. J. Food Sci. Tech., 3(3), 10-16.
