Corporations and other non-state actors are responsible for a host of human rights abuses around the world, including those driving the global climate, biodiversity and pollution crises. Due to activities such as illegal deforestation, production of chemicals and plastics, exploitation of fossil fuels and other large-scale extr-active activities, businesses operating in the global economy routinely compromise human rights to have a healthy, clean and the sustainable environment. This human right was recognized by the United Nations Human Rights Council in 2021 and it includes funda-mental rights related to clean air, safe climate, access to safe water and adequate sanitation, healthy and sustainable food production, informal environments for living and working, studying and playing, and biodiversity and a healthy ecosystem. By jeopardizing this human right related to nature, life, health, liveli-hood and sustainable development, business activists threaten the life prospects of billions of people. For example, nine million people die suddenly every year due to exposure to pollution and toxic substances and among the most important culprits are businesses that run coal power plants, mines, metal smelters, oil and gas operations, chemical plants and oil refineries. Some of these facilities are located in the vicinity of poor and marginalized communities. Apparently, the health, quality of life and a wide range of human rights are compromised for growth and development, but in fact, to serve private interests, shareholders of pollu-ting companies benefit from more profits, while cross-border consumers benefit from cheaper energy and goods (Nusrat and Khan, 2023).

Some of the most severe overlapping environmental and human rights harms occur in affected areas where their residents suffer from devastating physical and mental health consequences and other human rights violations as a result of living in pollution hotspots, highly polluted areas, and places that have turned into these areas. There are affected areas in rich and poor countries, north and south. As described in over sixty documented examples (Averchenkova, 2019) their environments are generally weaker. Despite wide-spread environmental degradation and adverse human rights impacts, there is often little or no redress for the most vulnerable and fragile rights holders. People who try to achieve a principled solution must overcome legal, financial and judicial obstacles and they often face threats, intimidation, and revenge against them-selves, their families, and their communities as power-ful actors try to prevent the justice system from pur-suing them (Van den Berg & Jiggins, 2007). The most vulnerable beneficiaries affected by commercial activ-ities such as the children, women, indigenous peoples, local communities, farmers, people with disabilities and especially those whose identity exists in multiple vulnerable groups usually face the most difficult barriers, including the financial, language, information barriers, social labeling associated with human rights violations, lack of access to legal representation, and corruption of law enforcement officials, to adopt effec-tive solutions (Gould, 2009). When victims in coun-tries with limited law enforcement and economic capa-city face corruption and other weaknesses in the rule of law, and when justice must be served through trans-national legal actions that are beyond the capacity of most human rights victims, solutions Effectively are particularly elusive. Environmental rights can have a real effect when they are recognized. The formality of these rights is based on the course of an agreed process for approval and implementation. Therefore, the first step to recognize and implement and adhere to envi-ronmental rights is to recognize them from a legal perspective. The recognition of this right is accom-panied by some formal and substantive elements that can assist in completing the implementation process.

Recognition from a legal perspective

All humans and animals have the right to a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment. The legal recog-nition of this right by itself, either through the protect-tion of constitutional laws, inclusion in environmental laws, or through the approval of a regional or inter-national treaty that includes this right, can be consi-dered a positive performance. There are about 110 countries that have protected this right in their consti-tutions (Kabir et al., 2017). It is necessary to protect the basic laws of human rights; Because the consti-tution is the highest and strongest law in a domestic legal system. In addition, the constitution plays an important cultural role that reflects the values and ideals of society. The right to have a healthy environ-ment is explicitly approved in regional treaties that have been ratified by 126 countries in general. These countries include 52 member states of the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights, 45 members of the Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in the Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (Aarhus Conven-tion), 16 countries are members of the Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Economic, Social and Cultural Areas (Protocol of San Salvador) and 16 are members of the Arab Charter of Human Rights. On December 1, 2019, five countries ratified the Regional Agreement on Access to Information, Public Participation and Justice in Environmental Matters in Latin America and the Caribbean (Escazo Agreement). The recent resolution came into effect on April 22, 2021 after being app-roved by its 12 members (Marx et al., 2019). Ten countries have also ratified the non-binding human rights declaration of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (Nachmany & Setzer, 2018).

What is important is that laws to respect, protect and realize the right to have a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment are established and imple-mented. There are 101 countries that have included this right in their national laws. Especially the positive actions of Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, France, Philippines, Portugal and South Africa are remarkable. The right to a healthy environment acts as a coherent and unifying principle that can permeate laws, regulations and policies. In total, more than 80 percent of United Nations member states (156 out of 193 member states) have legally recognized the right to a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment (Rashid et al., 2023; Pring and Pring, 2016).

Shape elements

Achieving the right to the environment and widely recognizing it requires meeting some qualities to achi-eve this right. Without these formal elements, we can-not expect the process of recognizing this right to be successful. Access to the environmental information, public participation in decision-making, and access to justice are three important formal components for recognizing the right to a healthy environment and applying it to human life.

First article: access to environmental information

Access to information is a widely recognized human right and is essential for individuals to protect and defend their human rights against potentially harmful environmental effects. Some of these countries have enacted laws, policies, and the programs that provide greater access to environmental information in their constitutions (Le Quéré et al., 2019). Other countries have also enacted laws that specifically allow afford-able access to environmental information. For exa-mple, in Norway, the Environmental Information Act recognizes the right of any individual to obtain a wide range of environmental information from public and private entities, with limited exceptions and interpret-tation rights (Stoian et al., 2018). In Slovenia, environ-mental law states that environmental infor-mation is public and everyone has the right to access environ-mental information (Gauderman et al., 2015).

An increasing number of the countries have created websites that provide comprehensive information on the environment. In Uruguay, a national environmental observatory has been created to organize and publish all available environmental information in one portal the (Watson et al., 2014). Environmental indicators identify not only the processes of the state of the envi-ronment, such as the release of pollutants, waste, the impact on water quality, soil and biodiversity, but also the protection and response measures developed by governments. The observatory also provides informa-tion on spatial planning and environmental manage-ment of river basins and groundwater aquifers, tech-nical reports and open data for researchers. One of the innovative features of this observatory is that it pro-vides citizens with a simple procedure to report possi-ble violations of environmental laws. Citizens can share information related to the wildlife sightings and beach monitoring. Hungary has a comprehensive national environmental information system. The Nati-onal Institute of Public Health publishes online up-to-date data on air, drinking and bathing water quality, pollen levels, and other factors that pose significant health risks. Fiji, Kiribati, the Marshall Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru and Palau and their surrounding islands collaborate in a Pacific island network of national and regional data repositories which has provided reporting tools and public web-sites for monitoring, evaluating and analyzing environ-mental information, supporting planning and forecast-ting and reporting requirements. 

Another important type of environmental information is data related to toxic substances. The Additional Protocol to the Aarhus Convention on the Registration of Pollutant Releases and Transfers obliges members to collect and publish information on pollution from industrial facilities. This information must be colle-cted annually and made freely available to the public in a userfriendly manner and must cover at least 86 pollutants covered by the protocol. A growing number of countries publish regular national reports on the state of the environment. 

Kazakhstan publishes bulletins on issues related to the state of the environment and the use of the natural resources. The laws of some countries require the gov-ernment to provide the environmental education. For example, the Law on Nature Protection of Monten-egro, approved in 2016, calls for emphasizing the importance and necessity of nature protection through the education system from preschool to university.

The second article: public participation in environ-mental decisions

Ensuring broad, comprehensive and sensitive public participation not only fulfills human rights obligations, but also leads to better results. In 2005, France recog-nized in its constitution the right of public partici-pation in decisions affecting the environment. The French Economic, Social and Environmental Council is a consultative forum that promotes dialogue and cooperation between different stakeholder groups to ensure that diversity of views contributes to the deve-lopment of public policies. The National Commission also holds public debates debates on proposed large-scale development projects such as nuclear reactors, railroads, highways, natural gas pipelines, hydrocele-ctric dams, sports stadiums, and radioactive waste storage facilities. In Slovenia, the Environmental Act mentions the right of the general public to participate in a wide range of environmental protection proce-dures. One of the vital aspects of public participation includes supporting the environmental human rights defenders who are often harassed, intimidated, victim-ized and even killed. Different countries have enacted related laws to the protect these people. In 2018, the Special Prosecutors Office for the Protection of Human Rights Defenders, Journalists, Media Workers and Judicial Authorities was established and took positive steps to respond to the murders of prominent defenders and implement the recommendations of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. 

In Peru, the National Human Rights Plan for 2018-2021 highlights the vital work of human rights de-fenders. In 2019, the Ministry of Justice of this country prepared a protocol that guaranteed the pro-tection of human rights defenders. These goals include: promoting the recognition of human rights defenders, adopting specific protection measures for those at risk, trying to implement the preventive measures, and ensuring the prompt and the effective investigation of threats against defenders.

The third article: access to justice

Affirmative processes related to access to justice and effective remedies are often aimed at overcoming three major barriers: complaints, economic barriers and lack of judicial expertise in environmental matters. In most countries where the right to a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment is recognized in the constitution, individuals and non-governmental organizations have the right to file a lawsuit based on the violation of this right or environmental laws. In the world, there are more than 1000 specialized environ-mental courts and tribunals at national and internat-ional levels. the advantages of these judicial and quasi-judicial institutions can mention the increase of legal and scientific expertise Simple processes, flexibility, use of alternative dispute resolution methods, compre-hensive jurisdiction, open rules on filing cases, effec-tive solutions and enforcement powers, and unique case management tools. Examples include the Nati-onal Green Court in India, the Environment and Land Courts and the National Environment Court in Kenya, and the Land and Environment Courts in Sweden. According to the World Union of National Human Rights Institutions, more than 120 countries have national human rights institutions or the human rights ombudsmen. These institutions generally have two main functions: independent review of the countrys human rights record, and handling of individual and collective complaints of human rights violations. Some national human rights institutions also have the authority to file complaints on behalf of communities whose rights are violated or to intervene in the process of some cases brought against the government. Many activities of the inspectors have been related to the environmental issues, including the basic right to have a healthy and balanced environment. Colombia, Croatia and Portugal also have inspectors active in environmental issues. The Administrative Court of the Environment of the Costa Rica has jurisdiction over complaints related to the violation of all environmental and natural resource protection laws. In order to determine the nature of environmental damage, the court may require temporary protective measures, imposition of fines and administrative sanctions to eliminate or reduce environmental damage and local visits. Another element of guaranteeing access to legal cases related to the right to a healthy environment is the Constitutional Office of the Supreme Court of this country which has exercised this right in a wide variety of cases involving mining concessions, aerial spraying, toxics, ecotourism, national park protection, timber harvesting in endangered species habitat, and groundwater pollution.

According to the Indonesian law on environmental protection and management, every person has the right to access information, participate in environmental decision-making and effective compensation in case of environmental damage and destruction. The Supreme Court of this country has adopted policies according to which all environmental cases must be handled by a judge with an environmental certificate (obtained through specialized training). When access to justice or effective solutions is denied at the national level, courts, tribunals and regional committees can play an important role. Cases related to the right to a healthy environment are decided in the African Commission on Human and Peoples Rights, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, the European Court of Human Rights and the European Committee of Social Rights.

Substantive elements

The environmental right has substantive elements as well, which, along with formal processes that in turn are effective in recognizing substantive elements, contribute to the realization of this right around the world. Clean air, safe climate, healthy food and water, non-polluted environment and healthy habitat and biodiversity are the most important essential elements in the right to a healthy environment.

First article: clean air

According to statistics, nine out of ten people world-wide live in areas that do not meet the World Health Organizations guidelines for air quality. Air pollution causes 7 million premature deaths every year, inclu-ding 600,000 children under the age of 5. More than two billion people still depend on the contaminated cooking systems.

To protect the clean air component of the right to a healthy environment, countries must take seven key steps: first, monitor air quality and its impact on the human health; Second, assessment of air pollution sources; Third, creating access to information for the people, including public health recommendations; Fourth, creating air quality laws, regulations and stan-dards and policies; Fifth, development of air quality action plans at local, national and, if necessary, regional levels; Sixth, implementing air quality action plans and applying standards; Seventh, continuous assessment of progress and, if necessary, reinforce-ment of programs to ensure compliance with stan-dards. Many governments are the making dedicated efforts to improve air quality and protect the right of their people to live in a healthy and sustainable envi-ronment. Many countries, including Azerbaijan, Bolivia, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Mali, Morocco and Qatar, are establishing and improving air quality moni-toring networks.

Creating public websites for air quality which contains information on measures taken to improve air quality, sustainable transport, cleaner domestic heating prac-tices, warning thresholds for certain pollutants and health recommendations from competent bodies, can be considered progressive measures. In addition, infor-mation on air quality monitoring, laws, policies, projects, and a list of related publications can be provi-ded. Some countries explicitly recognize the right to breathe clean air. This right is protected by the law, because it is necessary for the right to life and human health. In Lebanon, the national air quality manage-ment strategy has recognized the right of every citizen to enjoy clean air. There is convincing evidence that establishing and enforcing strong air quality regula-tions saves lives and prevents diseases. Since the pass-age of the Clean Air Act in 1970, the US economy has grown 262 percent (based on the increase in gross national product). While, on average, there has been a 73% reduction in the six main air pollutants. The costs of the Clean Air Act are estimated to be in the billions of dollars, while the benefits are in the trillions. Reducing air pollution in California has led to signi-ficant improvements in childrens lung function.

Household air pollution from the use of inefficient stoves that burn biomass, kerosene, and coal causes millions of premature deaths annually. Women and children face the highest risks. The fastest progress in providing access to clean cooking, whether through LPG, piped natural gas or electricity, has been made in Asian countries. Two measures that have dramatically improved air quality in many countries are the phasing out of leaded gasoline and major reductions in the sulfur content of transportation fuels. These measures have brought enormous health, environmental and economic benefits, which are worth trillions of dollars. In large cities, areas have been created where pollution from motor vehicles and public health protection is less widespread. Entry into less polluted areas is limi-ted to vehicles that meet certain emission standards.

The second article: Safe weather

Due to human activities, the concentration of green-house gases in the atmosphere has reached its highest level in the past millions of years which causes climate change with a range of the destructive effects, from droughts and floods to rising sea levels and extreme weather events. The United Nations High Commis-sioner for Human Rights has warned that "the world has never seen a threat to human rights on this scale". The inclusion of human rights in the Paris Agreement indicated that human rights should be central to all climate action, including legislation, mitigation, adap-tation, finance and compensation. Almost all 197 countries have enacted a general framework of climate legislation. The best rules include bold goals, time-lines, and accountability mechanisms. Fifty-three countries have submitted long-term decarbonization plans to the United Nations. Many countries have legally set specific timelines for achieving net zero carbon emissions. Some of these obligations are binding and some are non-binding. Dozens of member countries of the Paris Agreement have significantly reduced their greenhouse gas emissions. Some coun-tries provide examples of climate change laws that also address gender equality. Others require the gover-nment to have a gender-sensitive perspective, protect children and the poor, and include climate change and renewable energy in all efforts, plans and programs. Uruguay has done an exemplary job in integrating human rights into the climate change policymaking process and the content of policies created, such as the National Climate Change Plan. This merger results from a partnership between the Ministry of Housing, Territorial Planning and Environment and the Human Rights Secretariat of the Office of the President. Nationally Determined Contributions include commit-ments that governments make under the Paris Agree-ment in a five-year cycle. In the first cycle, partici-pation in human rights takes place. Some countries have committed to adopting a rights-based approach to climate action.

France enacted a law in 2017 that bans the exploration and development of new fossil fuels and requires existing projects to come to fruition by 2040 (inclu-ding those in the countrys overseas colonies). Some countries have also banned the exploration and the development of offshore oil and gas in general and have put climate management and protection of marine ecosystems in their directives. Others have set limits for oil and gas exploration.

A significant reduction in the cost of renewable energy accelerates the transition to clean energy. Wind and solar energy now provide cheaper electricity than fossil fuels in many countries. Thanks to supportive public policies, the top five solar power producing countries in the world are China, the United States, Japan, Germany and the United Kingdom. The drastic reduction in the cost of wind and solar power means that it is environmentally responsible and economi-cally attractive to the generation of renewable energy. Distributed renewable energy programs (where electri-city is produced near the point of consumption) is a positive way to expand reliable access to clean and affordable electricity, especially in low- and middle-income countries, with the aim of improving the quality of life. The World Environment Bureau has established an Indigenous Peoples. Advisory Group. These are important first steps towards increasing climate finance flows to indigenous peoples.

The third article: healthy and sustainable produced food

More than 800 million people were malnourished in 2017, marking the third year in a row that global hunger has increased. Faced with the enormous envi-ronmental impacts of industrial agriculture and the need to feed nearly eight billion people, it is impera-tive that diets evolve and that food is produced sustainably. The right to food is recognized in the Uni-versal Declaration of Human Rights and the Inter-national Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights as a part of the right to have a decent standard of living. Many countries have stipulated the right to food in their constitutions. Arable farming can help improve the livelihoods of small-scale farmers and those living in poverty, including women, because it requires limited reliance on expensive foreign inputs. Agroecology improves air, soil, surface water, and groundwater quality, uses less energy, reduces green-house gas emissions, and increases carbon stocks. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations agro-ecology policies in some countries have identified ways to increase agricultural levels, improve the livelihoods of small-scale food producers, ensure sustainable food production systems, and implement climate-resilient agricultural practices. Agroecology projects in Benin, Brazil, Cameroon, Cuba, Egypt, India, Mozambique, Nepal, Niger and the Philippines have been recognized as positive practices by the Global Future Council in 2019.

Field schools for agriculture can significantly reduce the use of pesticides, as inputs are replaced by know-ledge. Extensive studies were conducted in Bangla-desh, Indonesia and Vietnam, which indicated a 35-92% reduction in pesticides used in rice crops. Lower nitrogen emissions and increase better opportunities for farmers. In 2015, Ireland introduced a program that offered farmers incentives to reduce protein crops. In the first year of the program, a 300 percent increase in production was reported.

The fourth article: access to sufficient safe and sanitary water

In 2017, 785 million people still lacked access to basic water services and 700 million people still defecated in the open due to lack of sanitation. Lack of access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation causes the death of 870,000 people a year. Human rights to water and sanitation were recognized in 2010 by the General Assembly in Resolution 64/292 and the Human Rights Council in Resolution 15/9 and have been repeatedly emphasized. The former Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation published a comprehensive collection of positive prac-tices in implementing the rights to water and sanita-tion. In this booklet, the Special Commissioner emp-hasizes the need to clearly state the content of water and sewage rights through laws, regulations and policies governing access, that is, rights to physical access, affordability, quality and safety, and accept-ability. Also, legal frameworks are necessary to elim-inate discrimination in the provision of water and sewage services. Today, dozens of countries have recognized human rights regarding water and sanita-tion in their constitutions or ordinary laws. Ideally, water and sanitation rights should be incorporated into a countrys legal framework, including the consti-tution, customary laws, policies and programs. These laws should include the right to health. Compilation of these rights in the form of applicable laws and regula-tions has the advantage that the necessary financing to guarantee the implementation of these rights is also considered. In this regard, national plans for urban wastewater treatment, energy production from waste, and budgets for poor areas in providing water consu-mption costs can be designed and continuously up-dated to improve compliance with water laws. These projects and similar ones help realize the right to water, reduce poverty, improve health and facilitate adaptation to climate change. The ultimate goal is to ensure everyones access to safe water and adequate sanitation. Very positive actions have also been taken regarding health. The ratio of positive actions to the past is increasing. Also, significant progress has been made in some countries in access to safer drinking water. These examples of progress improve human health and well-being and respect human rights.

The fifth article: non-polluted biological, occupa-tional and entertainment environments

Toxic substances are a direct threat to the right to life, health, safe food and water, proper housing and the right to have a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment. The burden of toxic substances is often more on the shoulders of vulnerable and marginalized populations. Important international treaties that prohi-bit, eliminate or limit the use of certain toxic sub-stances, include the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, the Rotterdam Conven-tion, the Minamata Convention on Mercury, and the Vienna Convention on the Protection of the Ozone Layer. The implementation of obligations related to these treaties provides good practices in realizing the right to enjoy a healthy and sustainable environment. Human biomonitoring is a very important positive action; Because the concentration of toxic substances and their metabolites are measured in body fluids, feces, hair, teeth and nails. These data help researchers understand health effects and help develop and eva-luate policies to reduce exposure. Ethical standards must be applied to protect human rights. Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Norway, Spain, and the United States have national biomonitoring programs. The European Union has a relatively strong regulatory framework for toxic substances. The main legislation governing toxic chemicals, the Regulation on the Registration, Evaluation, Licensing and Restriction of Chemicals, adopts a risk-based approach to the man-agement of chemicals. The European Union prohibits the use of carcinogens, mutagens and reproductive toxins in cosmetics and personal care products. Plastic pollution is a major global concern due to its impact on humans and biodiversity. The European Union has enacted the most comprehensive law, directive 904/ 2019, to reduce plastic waste. Countries should have an advanced waste system to protect human health, human rights and the environment through strong laws and regulations, have strong institutions to implement, monitor the implementation of laws, provide adequate funding through the application of the principle of polluter costs and its use. Banning the use of plastic bags can reduce plastic pollution and animal mortality, and prevent drains from being blocked, which can lead to floods or infectious diseases. Also, the implement-ation of these policies will improve air quality. Because plastic bags are not disposed of by burning. Taxes can be effectively used to reduce environmental threats. Pollution costs are widely used. Many coun-tries impose water charges.

Studies show that pollution taxes lead to significant reductions in pollution levels. Governments are requi-red to enforce environmental laws when pollutants violate standards. Lack of commitment to the environ-ment is a global problem.

The sixth article: healthy habitat and biodiversity

Humanity depends on nature for a wide range of environmental products and services, from grains, fiber and medicine to pollination, clean air, water and soil. Human rights may be compromised due to lack of access to natures blessings or actions taken to protect nature that do not take rights into account. The decline or disappearance of a particular species can have a devastating effect on an indigenous community and their rights. Creating a new protected area without consultation and consent of indigenous people or local communities can violate their rights (UNEP, 2019). International environmental law, norms and standards to protect the diversity and abundance of life on earth through global treaties including the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Plants and Animals, the Convention on Internationally Important Wetlands, especially as a habitat for waterfowl, the Convention on the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage,the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the International Whaling Convention determine. Regional environmental trea-ties are also important. Many constitutions also have duties regarding the protection of wildlife and nature. Recognizing the rights of nature can reduce environ-mental damage and potentially benefit human rights. At the level of ordinary legislation, almost all coun-tries have specific laws to protect wildlife and wildlife habitat and to manage activities that could harm other species or exploit them excessively (such as fishing, hunting, mining, agriculture and forestry). Protected areas also contribute to biodiversity. If indigenous peoples and local communities have clear functional rights and security against waste dumping, they are likely to invest in positive management of forests, soil and water. These investments are aimed at improving the performance of existing land and are less likely to push cultivation to marginal or forest areas. Forests that are legally owned or designated for use by indi-genous peoples and local communities provide a wide range of environmental and social benefits, including lower rates of deforestation and forest destruction, more investment in forest restoration and maintenance, improved biodiversity protection, lower carbon emis-sions and greater storage, reduce conflict and reduce poverty. According to research, there is a positive rela-tionship between socio-economic progress (income,  investment, savings, social participation investment and asset creation at the household and community level) and the protection of areas (WHO, 2015).

The most important beneficiaries of positive measures are individuals and communities who are most vulnerable to the adverse effects of environmental damage and do not have access to basic environmental services. Protection of the environment helps to realize human rights and protection of human rights helps to protect the environment. Passing a resolution that recognizes the right to enjoy a safe, clean, healthy and stable environment will be a positive approach to accelerate efforts to ensure the enjoyment of this right. A rights-based approach is not only useful, but even necessary to stimulate many of the urgent actions needed to achieve the SDGs. However, it must be emphasized that humanity is facing an unprecedented global environmental crisis. Transforming todays unjust and unstable society into an environmental civilization where human rights are universally respected, protected and enforced requires the interaction of all legislative, executive and judicial institutions.

We are grateful to all the dear professors for providing their information regarding this research.

The authors were declared no conflict of interest.