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Original Article | Open Access | Br. J. Arts Humanit., 2022, 4(6), 171-182 | doi: 10.34104/bjah.02201710182

Fear of Crime and Victimization: An Explorative Study

Md. Maznu Mia Mail Img ,
Mohammad Arifur Rahman* Mail Img ,
Tahira Siddiqua Mail Img

Abstract

The fear of crime is a new dimension of crime. It is not only a burning issue in Bangladesh but also all over the world. Fear of crime was theorized to be related to experiences of victimization, but this assumption was soon to be disputed. This study is based on empirical data which are from quantitative and qualitative research methods and the research is exploratory in nature. This study finds that 38-47 years of age group 36% of them are highest victimized by fear of crime. And 71% of males and 29% of females are victimized by fear of crime. Fear of crime affects far more people in Bangladesh than the crime itself, and there are sound reasons for treating crime and fear of crime as distinct social problems. Every year a huge number of people are suffered from fear of crime. Fear of crime has a great impact on our education, economy, and infrastructure. Important links exist between fear of crime and causation of victimization, location of occurrences, time of victimization, presence of law enforcement agencies, and levels of knowledge of the victims about the victim support services. The study findings play an important role in policy making and also for the upcoming researcher in the criminological arena. 

INTRODUCTION

The fear of crime is perhaps the oldest of all crime types. It is virtually impossible to find a history of any society which does not record criminals. Although fear of crime is the oldest and most recurring criminal phenomenon of history, it has been largely ignored by criminologist. The fear of crime is a new dimension of crime. It is not only burning issue of Bangladesh but also all over the world (Faruk and Khatun, 2007). 

Thus far we have established that fear of crime has different origins for different types of people and that it has a direct effect on crime policy attitudes, evalu-ations of illegal immigrants, and support of the poli-tical system. Fear of crime is a very prevalent issue today. Many people in our society are express anxiety and fear about crime, and about being victimized. The level of fear is depends on many factors, including gender, age, any past experiences with crime that a person may have, where one lives, and ones ethnicity. All of these factors have an impact on fear levels (Karmen, 1984). Fear is a complicated emotion. We feel fear for many different reasons and in many different ways. Fear is more than an automatic res-ponse to danger. When we fear something, it is often the result of complicated interactions between us, our physical and social environment and our cultural background. Fear of crime is defined as an antici-pation of victimization, rather than fear of an actual victimization (Bohm and Haley, 2005).

This type of fear relates to how vulnerable a person feels. Fear of crime as an issue has gained momentum over the past 20 to 30 years. When this issue first came about, researchers became interested in it as a source of discovering the “dark figure" of crime, that is, the crime that goes unreported. Fear of crime was theorized to be related to experiences of victimization, but this assumption was soon to be disputed. Res-earchers realized that numerous other factors played a role in the fear of crime, and thus research turned to discovering what these factors were. It is an "emo-tional reaction characterized by a sense of danger and anxiety produced by the threat of physical harm... elicited by perceived cues in the environment that relate to some aspect of crime”. Fear of crime has become very salient in both politics and the media thus fear of crime is now a socially relevant issue (Devasia and Devasia, 2013).

Fear of crime is defined as an anticipation of victi-mization, rather than fear of an actual victimization. Victimization causes loss of life and property as well as overwhelming fear of insecurity. These have seri-ous consequences for democracy, economic deve-lopment, social capital and associational life generally. Bangladesh has witnessed upsurge in victimizations during the past two decades for the cause of fear of crime. Increasing incidence of victimization has led to a paralyzing fear which has in turn affected economic and social life in the country.

Objectives of the study

The objectives of the study are examining the fear of crime and victimization is a new concept in Bangladesh, but every person has lots of fear about crime. So In this study it is important to measure the fear of crime and victimization.

The objective of this research is that –

1) To identify the types of crime which are res-ponsible for fear?

2) To find out the causation of fear of crime.

3) To know the socio-Demographic factors and working behind creating fear of crime.

4) To measure the role of policing in reducing of fear of crime.

5) To measure the role of social organization

Theoretical Orientation

Research need to be based on a theoretical framework. This means that the researcher designing the project needs to have an integrated set of ideas about how she or he will operate within the social environment to be studied and how the evidence that is gathered will be interpreted. Because in most research the researcher is the instrument for data collection, the positions, interests, and biases of the researcher necessarily be-come part of the study. Hence, it is preferable to systemize and set out those positions at the beginning rather than pretend that the researcher is value-free, impartial vessel open to all experience. Theoretical framework is thus necessary for better interpretation, generalization as well as for minimizing bias. In the present study, we explore on the theories of fear of crime (Akers, 1994). The logic of the routine-activity argument is straightforward: Routine patterns of work, play and leisure time affect the convergence in time and place of motivated offenders who are not ‘hand-led, suitable targets, and the absence of guardians. If one component is missing, crime is not likely to be committed. And if all components are in place and one of them is strengthened, crime is likely to increase. This approach has helped explain, among other things, rates of victimization for specific crimes, rates of urban homicide, and “hot spot”- areas that produce a disproportionate number of calls to police (Vold et al., 1998; Faysal, 2022).

Social Disorganization Theory was one of the most important theories developed by the Chicago School, related to ecological theories. The idea that social conditions can influence peoples behavior Shaw and McKay recognized that the pattern of delinquency rates corresponded to the "natural urban areas" of Park and Burgess Concentric Zone Model. Hence, delin-quency was not "constitutional", but was to be cor-related with the particular ecological environment in which it occurs. In this context, Shaw and McKay asserted that ethnic diversity interferes with commu-nication among adults, with effective communication less likely in the face of ethnic diversity because differences in customs and a lack of shared experi-ences may breed fear and mistrust. Political crime creates fear in the society. According to lifestyle theory of victimization was developed by Michael Hindelang, Michael Gottfredson, and James Garofala in 1978.

The lifestyle theory of victimization centers on a number of specific propositions that outline the essence of the theory and signal direction for future research. This proposition explained the dimension of victimization which related to fear of crime. Life style is an indicator of measuring fear of crime and victi-mization (Vold et al., 1998).

METHODOLOGY

This study is based on empirical data which are from quantitative and qualitative research methods. This research is exploratory in nature. Methodologies have been discussed about selection of areas and respon-dents, variable and source of data, method of data collection, processing, data analysis or measurement of data. For this research I have selected interview and questionnaire method for data collection.

Research Type

This research is an exploratory research. Here I have tried to explain some relation behinds the Fear of Crime and Victimization.

Study Area

For a good research, site selection is very essential. Tangail sadar is research study area. The study is selected Tangail municipal and tow unions based on simple random sampling process. The study is covered on rural area, urban area, residential area and business area.

Sample Selection

Here is not a huge sample taken for this research. Only 100 samples taken for conducting this research. These small sizes of population are selected by probability random sampling. Here population is known, defined and a list of the sampling population is available.

We know that, (Baker, 1999)

           Sample size, n =    N

                                  1+N(e)

Where

n = sample size, N = population size, e = Simple error

Here

Population size (From secondary data), N = 535300 Sample error considering 10%, e = 10/100= 0.1

Now,

Sample size, 

                         = 99.984

Here, the number of total population in Tangail sadar is 521104 (Population Census Report, 2011) and growth rate of population is 2.72%. So at 2014 the number of total population has become 535300.

Data Collection Methods and Technique

Primary methods are used to collect the data for this study. In this study I used face to face interview for data collection. The questionnaire have combined with the various types of question like, open ended, close ended, & contingency question with rapport buildings.

Data Processing and Analysis

Data is analyzed by using descriptive thematic writing. Collecting data are analyzed using descriptive sta-tistics. Excel and SPSS software also used to utilize and analyze the data. Here data has been analyzed through various statistical tools such as frequency and percentage. For visualization and understanding data have been tabulated using Pie-Chart, Bar-Chart, Line-Chart maps, cross tabulation and others.

Hypothesis

Hypothesis I: Living place of the respondent has effect on fear of crime and victimization 

Hypothesis II: Sex of the respondent has effect on fear of crime and victimization 

Hypothesis III: Age of the respondent has creates fear of crime and victimization 

Hypothesis IV: Educational background has effect on fear of crime and victimization. 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Socio-demographic Characteristics


Sex of the Respondent

Sex of the respondent is a function of socio-demo-graphic characteristics of a victim. With the exception of sexual assault and domestic violence, men have higher risk of crime than women.


Table 1: Relationship between Sex and Fear of crime or Victimization of Respondent.


From this study in Table 1 find out that 71% of the respondents are male and 29% of the respondents are female. Most of the male are feared by crime, because they are moving and struggle against crime or victi-mization. 

Fig. 1:  Sex of the Respondent (pie chart).

Age of the Respondent
Age is an important socio-demographic characteristics of victimization. Age help to find out proper relationship between fear of crime and victimization.

Table 2: Association with Age and Fear of Crime or Victimization of Respondent.

In this study the total number of respondent is 100. The Table 2 represent that14% of the respondent belongs to age group 18-27 years. And 26%, 36%, 16% and 8% of the respondent are belong to the age group 28-37, 38-47, 48-57, and up 58. The highest respondents belong to the age group 38-47 years & the lowest respondents belong to the age group up 57 years but the most of the respondent are in middle aged. In this study the findings comes out more accurate for this aged respondents, because the middle aged people are maximum related with outer world in society and they are more knowledge about crime and victimization. In the age of 38-47 the respondent are much alert about their family, child and future, also they are mostly related with income source. So that those respondents are become most fear about crime.

Urban (Living Place of the Respondent)
Crime and victimization is mostly an urban problem. It is not only an urban problem but also a rural pro-blem. In generally urban people are more victimized than rural people.

Table 3: Relationship between Living Place and Fear of Crime or Victimization of Respondent.

In this study finds that the respondents in urban area are most fear about crime and maximum are moderate fear because of their investment and business affairs. Political personnel are lots of political fear by abuse of political power. In rural area people are most in moderate fear for property crime and which people are in lots of fear they are in lower class family member, who are fear for violence. So the fear of crime is more in urban area.

Ethnicity (Race of the Respondent)
Racial and ethnic minorities have higher rates of assault than other Americans. Rates of violent assault are approximately twice as high for African- and Hispanic-Americans compared to White Americans. It is also a socio-demographic characteristic of a victim; it helps to finding proper relation between race of the respondent and fear of crime.

Table 4: Relationship between Race & Fear of Crime or Victimization of Respondent.

From This study in Table  4 find out that 98% of the respondents are Bengali and 2% of the respondents are Ethnic. The numbers of the ethnic group are live in the north side of Tangail (Madhupur), so that little family comes in Tangail main town. For this reason the respondent is maximum Bengali. So that the Bengalis are most feared about crime. Also the same scenario in all the Bangladesh, because the number of ethnic group is so little.

Religion (Religious Value of the Respondent):
Certain religious groups tend to be regularly per-secuted, and over represented in hate crime statistics.

Table 5: Association with Religious value and Fear of Crime or Victimization of Respondent.

From This study in Table  5 find out that 65% of the respondents religion is Islam and 35% of the respondents are Hindu. Bangladesh is the Muslim country, so the number of Muslim respondent are almost large and also the fear of crime of them are maximum. Hindu are some in the Tangail as the Jaminder background, but the other religion believers (Buddhist, Christian) are almost none. So the fear about crime and victimization are increased.

Others Individual Status of the Respondent
Educational background of the Respondent
Educations determine the class, qualification, per-sonality, responsibility and quality answer about rela-ted subject. Well educated respondent given the knowledgeable, qualitative response about the topics.

Table 6: Association with Educational Background and Fear of Crime or Victimization of Respondent.

From This study in Table 6 find out that educational background of the respondent 10% belong to the primary. And about 25%, 27%, 30%, and 8% belong to the S.S.C, H.S.C, Honors and Masters+. The highest respondents educational background is Honors. The highest 30% of the respondents who belong to the Honors, they said they have fear of crime. Here in this study the education level of res-pondent are highest in Honors, they are most fear about crime and victimization, because they are more concuss about crime and the income of those res-pondent are 20,000-25,000.

Occupation of the Respondent
Occupation is a such kind of work which they lead their livelihood. For employed persons the data refer to the persons job during the reference. An occupation is work or a job/career/profession that is conducted in a competitive workforce.

Table 7: Association with Occupation and Fear of Crime or Victimization of Respondent.

From This study in Table 7 find out that respondent occupation is various types. Here highest 36% of the respondent s occupation is Business and the lowest 3.0% of the respondent s occupation is Doctor. Here 4% of the respondent said they have fear of crime and whose occupation is teaching. And 6% of the respondent said they have fear of crime and whose occupation is service holder.36% of the respondent said they have fear of crime and whose occupation is Worker. 5% of the respondent said they have fear of crime and whose occupation is politician. 4% of the respondent said they have fear of crime and who are Retired person. 8% of the respondent said they have fear of crime and whose occupation is Student.8% of the respondent said they have fear of crime and whose occupation is House wife and 14% of the respondent said they have fear of crime and whose occupation is others.

Income of the Respondent
In context of Bangladesh, income level of any res-pondent are determine the social status, prestige and quality of any individual. The income is same as like education. Well educated person can income much and they concuss about their duty and also they have multi-dimensional thinking about crime or victi-mization and avoiding victimization.

Table 8: Relationship between Income level and Fear of Crime or Victimization of Respondent.

From This study in Table 8 find out that 15% of the respondents said they have fear of crime, whose income level is 5,000-10,000,18% of the respondents said they have fear of crime and  their income level is 10001-150005%, 19%of the respondent said they have fear of crime and income level is 15001-20000, 25% of the respondents said they have fear of crime and income level is 20001-25000 and 23% of the respondent said they have fear of crime, whose income level is 25001-30000+. Here in the highest respondents income level is 20001-25000 and they are victimized by fear of crime. Because they are livelihood by their occupation and their income level is 20001-25000. There is a great influence of fear of crime on income level.

Political Ideology of the Respondent
An ideology is a set of aims and ideas, especially in politics. An ideology can be thought of as a comprehensive vision, as a way of looking at things. Political Ideology is a certain ethical set of ideals, Principles, doctrines, Theists or symbols of a social movement, institution, class, or large group that explains how society should work, and offers some political and cultural blueprint for a certain social order.

Table 9: Relationship between Political Ideology and Fear of Crime or Victimization of Respondent.

From this study in Table 9 find out that the highest 51% of the respondents said their political ideology is not at all and the lowest 3% of the respondents said their political ideology is Jamat. Here 22%, 20%, 4% of the respondent Said they have fear about crime, whose political ideology  is Awami League, B.N.P And National Party (A). Majority of the respondent said they have fear of crime whose political ideology is not specific.

Fig. 2: Political ideology of the respondent (Bar chart).

Fig. 2 show the chart of political ideology of the res-pondent. Here shows the highest bar is not - supported any political party. And also or ruling government there 22% of people said that they support the Awami League.

Table 10: Relationship between level of fear of crime or Victimization of Respondent.

From this study in Table 10 find out that the highest 76% of the respondents said they have moderate fear about crime and the lowest 7% of the respondents said they have no fear about crime.17% of the respondent said they have lots of fear about crime.

Types of crime is caused for fear

Table 11: Relationship between types of crime or Victimization of Respondent.

From this study in Table 11 find out that the highest 12% of the respondent said they have feared by abdu-ction. Then 10% and 9% of the respondent said they have feared by arson and harassment. 7%, 7%and 7% the respondent said they have feared by murder, power abuse and brutality. Also 5%, 5%, 4% and 3% of the respondent said they have feared by kidnapping, corruption, eve teasing and subscription. Finally16% of the respondent said they have no fear about crime.

Fear of Victim against Individual

Relationship between offender and victim is playing an important role in the commission of crime. It helps to find out a good relation between fear of crime and victimization.

Table 12: Responsible for fear of crime or Victimi-zation of Respondent.

In this study among 62% people are feared about victimized by strangers, i.e., the victimizers are un-known to them. In cases where offenders are unknown or there is no relationship between the victims and offenders. 21%, 12%, 3% and 2% of the respondent are victim by relatives, friends, spouse and family.

Types of loss by the causes of fear of crime

Table 13: Types of loss by the causes of fear of crime.

From this study in Table 13 find out that the highest 56% of the respondent said they face financial lost by fear of crime.10% and 19% of the respondent said they face physical disability and free movement problem. And 15% of the respondent said they face others loss.

Organizational Support Victim support by police
Police is part of law enforcement agencies victim support is one of the most important duties of police department. In our country police provide many types of victim support. Victim supports help to reduce fear of crime.

Table 14: Types of victim support by police.

There are 86% of the respondent said that police provide victim support and also said the types of support. In this study find out the types of victim support which provide the police. Highest 39% of the respondent said they provide legal support or outline of law for victim. And also 20% said criminal identi-fication, 15% said security, 7% said patrolling, and only 5% said quick response. And 14% of the respon-dent said they could not get any type of support.

Fig. 3: Types of victim support by police (Bar chart).

 
Family support
Family is the primary organization in our society. Family comes first before or after victimization as for fear of crime. Also in this study will shown this, all of the respondent said, if any problem about fear of crime or victimization or any other legal problem then the family comes first to help him.

Table 15: Types of family support.
In this study I found that there are highest support is mental support (52%), because family can make strong mentality support against any crime and giving the proper suggestion to avoiding victimization. Families also provide economic support (26%), and if needed the family provide the protection or rescue the person (10%) in victimization. And also family provides others types of support.

About 34% of the respondent said they get support by the social organization or N.G.O. And 17% of the respondent said the social awareness and 13% of the respondent said legal help by social organization. Social organization and N.G.Os are worked for social awareness building to avoiding crime and victimi-zation. Finally 66% of the respondent said they could not any type of support by social organization or N.G.O.

Fig. 4: Types of family support (Pei chart).

Social organization or N.G.O support

Table 16: Types of support by Social organization or N.G.O.
Cross-tabulation between Income and Fear
 
Table 17: Income level of the respondent & Fear of crime or victimization of respondent (Cross-tabulation).
From this study in Table 17 find out that the highest 25% of the respondent said they have moderate fear about crime whose respondents income level is 20001-25000.Then 19% of the respondent said they have moderate fear about crime whose respondents income level is 15001- 20000. On the other hand, 17% of the respondent said they have lots of fear about crime.

Cross-tabulation between Age and Fear
 
Table 18: Age of the respondent & Fear of crime or victimization of respondent (Cross- tabulation).

From this study in Table 18  find out that the highest 36% of the respondent said they have moderate fear about crime whose respondents age level is 38-47. Then 26% of the respondent said they have moderate fear about crime whose respondents age level is 28-37. And highest 9% the respondent said they have lots of fear about crime whose respondents age level is 48-57. And also 8%% the respondent said they have lots of fear about crime whose respondents age level is up to 57.

Cross-tabulation between Occupation and Fear
 
Table 19: Occupation of the respondent & Fear of crime or victimization of respondent (Cross-tabulation).
From this study in Table 19 find out that the highest 36% of the respondent said they have moderate fear about crime whose respondents occupation is busi-ness. And second highest 9% of the respondent said they have moderate fear about crime whose respon-dents occupation is service holder. On the other hand 14% of the respondent said they have lots of fear about crime whose respondents occupation is not specified.

Hypothesis I: Living place of the respondent has effect on fear of crime and victimization.
*Level of significance 5% degrees of freedom=5.991
 
In 5 percent significance level the value of Chi Square with 2 degrees of freedom is 5.991, which is less than to the calculated value 33.169. Hence the null hypo-thesis is rejected and alternative hypothesis is accepted. Finally the study explanation is true, because (33.169> 5.991). This study shows that the urban people are more fearful than rural people. Because the urban area are the most crime prone area. The law enforcement agencies should take it into consideration.
 
Hypothesis II: Sex of the respondent has effect on fear of crime and victimization.
*Level of significance 5% degrees of freedom=5.991

In 5 percent significance level the value of Chi Square with 2 degrees of freedom is 5.991, which is less than to the calculated value 50.921.Hence the null hypo-thesis is rejected and alternative hypothesis is accepted. Finally the study explanation is true, because (50.921> 5.991). This study shows that male is more fearful than female. Because male are relatively moveable and struggle against crime or victimization.
 
Hypothesis III: Age of the respondent has creates fear of crime and victimization.
 *Level of significance 5% degrees of freedom=15.507
 
In 5 percent significance level the value of Chi Square with 8 degrees of freedom is 15.507, which is less than to the calculated value 117.052. Hence the null hypothesis is rejected and alternative hypothesis is accepted. Finally the study explanation is true, because (117.052>15.507). This study shows that the middle aged people are more fearful than the young people. Because the middle aged people are maximum related with outer world in society and they are more know-ledge about crime and victimization. In the age of 38-47 the respondent are much alert about their family, child and future, also they are mostly related with income source. So that middle aged respondents are become most fear about crime.
 
Hypothesis IV: Educational background has effect on fear of crime and victimization.
*Level of significance 5% degrees of freedom=15.507

In 5 percent significance level the value of Chi Square with 8 degrees of freedom is 15.507, which is less than to the calculated value 121.889. Hence the null hypothesis is rejected and alternative hypothesis is accepted. Finally the study explanation is true, because (121.889>15.507). This study shows that the higher educated people are more fearful than lower educated people. Because they are more concuss about crime and victimization. 

CONCLUSION

Fear is a natural and an emotional response of crime. Under many circumstances, it is a beneficial, even life-saving emotion. Under the wrong circumstances, it is an emotion that can unnecessarily constrain behavior, restrict freedom and personal opportunity, and threaten the foundation of communities. Fears of crimes create financial loss and physical loss. It hampers business investment and destroys public peace. It has a great impact on our economy. The fear of crime is hinder of development. Fear of crime is defined as an anticipation of victimization, rather than fear of an actual Victimization (Ahuja, 1996). Many people in todays society express anxiety and fear about crime, and about being victimized. The fear of crime is increasing day by day among third world countries like Bangladesh. This study found that 38-47 years of age group and 36% of them are highest victimized by fear of crime. And 71% male and 29% female are victimized by fear of crime. Fear of crime affects far more people in Bangladesh than crime itself, and there are sound reasons for treating crime and fear of crime as distinct social problems. Every year a huge number people are suffered fear of crime. Fear of crime has a great impact on our education, economy and infrastructure. There is a growing recognition that decreasing the fear of crime and victimization rate is one of the primary goals of good government. Important links exist between fear of crime and causation of victimization, location of occurrences, time of victimization, and presence of law enforcement agencies and levels of knowledge of the victims about the victim support services. In this situation 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers wish to expand their research work for the future researcher and for the policy maker. Thanks for the support. 

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

The authors declare no conflicts of interest. 

Article References:

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Article Info:

Academic Editor

Dr. Sonjoy Bishwas, Executive, Universe Publishing Group (UniversePG), California, USA.

Received

October 11, 2022

Accepted

November 15, 2022

Published

November 22, 2022

Article DOI: 10.34104/bjah.02201710182

Corresponding author

Mohammad Arifur Rahman*

Department of Criminology and Police Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh

Cite this article

Mia MM, Rahman MA, and Siddiqua T. (2022). Fear of crime and victimization: an explorative study, Br. J. Arts Humanit., 4(6), 171-182. https://doi.org/10.34104/bjah.02201710182 

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