Epidemiological Study on Bovine Diseases at Mirzapur Upazila of Tangail District, Bangladesh
The present study was conducted to assess the prevalence of diseases and disorders in animals at the Upazilla Veterinary Hospital, Mirzapur, Tangail, from November 1, 2023, to January 15, 2024. A total of 683 clinical cases were recorded and investigated. The diagnosis of each case was based on general examination, physical examination, clinical examination, microscopic examination, and common laboratory techniques. The findings revealed that, bacterial diseases accounted for 10.40%, viral diseases for 18.16%, parasitic diseases for 16.69%, and metabolic diseases with other disorders for 13.32% in cattle. Further analysis of bacterial diseases in cattle showed the prevalence of anthrax (1.75%), black quarter (0.61%), hemorrhagic septicemia (0.41%), dermatophilosis (0.81%), and mastitis (4.25%). Among viral diseases, foot and mouth disease (1.61%), lumpy skin disease (8.05%), rabies (0.29%), and ephemeral fever (8.19%) were recorded. Additionally, parasitic diseases included babesiosis (1.61%), coccidiosis (1.75%), fascioliasis (8.19%), tick infestation (3.51%), and lice infestation (1.61%). Finally, metabolic diseases and other disorders in cattle were noted as bloat (2.04%), diarrhea (2.19%), dysentery (0.87%), anorexia (4.83%), and pneumonia (3.36%). This study indicates the occurrence of several diseases in the Mirzapur upazila. The report may aid in the development of strategies to control the major diseases identified in this study.
Bangladesh is primarily an agricultural country where the livestock sector plays a vital role in driving economic growth. According to the Department of Livestock Services (2022), Bangladesh has a high cattle population density, with about 24.7 million cattle. Both dairy and fattening farming hold significant importance in the countrys economic sector. However, dairy farming in Bangladesh frequently faces various constraints. The average economic loss per LSD case was 9384.41 BDT (110.40 US $) and the loss was higher in crossbred cattle (9709.58 BDT ≈ 114.23 US $) compared to indigenous cattle (7595.94 BDT ≈ 89.36 US $). Based on the calculation, Bangladeshs projected financial loss due to the FMD outbreak would be Taka 18856.96 crore (Tk. 188.57 billion or US$2.22 billion) per year and the annual economic losses due to mastitis to be Tk. 122.6 (US $2.11) million. Despite the declining acreage of pasture land, the livestock population is steadily growing in the country. Livestock are an integral component of agriculture in Bangladesh, providing food, draft power, and manure. App-roximately 20% of the human population is directly and 50% is partly dependent on the livestock sector (Bangladesh Economic Review, 2023). Bangladesh earns foreign currency by exporting various by-products such as hides, skins, bones, and now biogas is also produced from cattle dung (Gammada et al., 2022).
According to the National Economy of Bangladesh (2022-2023), the contribution of the Livestock sector to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (Constant Prices) is 1.85%, with a GDP growth rate of 3.23%, and the share of Livestock in Agricultural GDP (Constant prices) is 16.52%. It generates 13% of foreign currency and provides 20% full-time employment and 50% partial employment for the rural population (Rahman et al., 2014) thus; livestock sector contributes about 3% to the agricultural gross domestic product. The contribution of the livestock sector to total gross domestic product (GDP) remained stable within a range of 2.1–3.6% over the 1973–2008 periods and the livestock sector demonstrated a surge from 1992 onwards whereas the agricultural sector overall lagged behind. Agricultural livestock accounts for about 6.5% of total income and about 25% of the countrys population are directly involved in this sector. Dairy industry is a crucial component of an agro-based economy for a country like Bangladesh. It was found that local breeds (68.18%) were highly susceptible for different diseases and disorders than cross breeds (31.82%) cattle. In relation to age, >3 years aged cattle (43.18%) were found more infected with diseases as compared with 1-4 years aged cattle (31.82%) and <1year aged (25%) cattle. Among the seasonal cases, summer season (40.91%) had higher prevalence of different diseases of dairy cattle than rainy season (34.1%) followed by winter season (25%) in study area.
The veterinary hospital is an ideal and reliable source of information about animal diseases and their solutions. People from neighboring areas bring their sick animals to the veterinary hospital every day. Analysis of the case records provides a comprehensive idea about the disease problems in local areas. The main objective of this study was to determine the epidemiology and clinical prevalence of diseases and disorders of bovine at the Mirzapur Upazilla Veterinary Hospital. As bovine diseases significantly impact the production performance of animals and the national economy, so the present study focuses on the prevalence of diseases of cattle at Mirzapur upazila of the Tangail district, Bangladesh.
Study area and study period
The present study was conducted at the veterinary hospital in Mirzapur, Tangail district of Bangladesh over a period of two and a half months from November 1, 2023, to January 15, 2024. During this period, a total of 683 cattle were brought to the Upazila Veterinary Hospital for treatment and were examined to determine the prevalence of bovine diseases. Various types of bovine diseases, including bacterial, viral, parasitic, metabolic, and venereal diseases, were recorded during the study.
General examination
During the examination, the following observations were made by visually assessing the patient from a distance: body condition score (BCS), behavior, posture, gait, superficial skin, salivation, nasal discharge, and locomotion disturbances.
Physical examination
Examination of different external parts of the body of each of the animal clinically, attended at hospital were done by using various close observation techniques.
Clinical examination
For clinical examination the temperature, pulse and respiratory rate from each of the animal were recorded. The presented clinical findings of various diseases of cattle and the owners complaint in relation to the diseases were also recorded carefully.
Prevalence
Prevalence was calculated as number of cases of disease divided by population at risk and multiple by 100.
Prevalence of bovine bacterial diseases
The highest prevalence of bacterial diseases (4.25 %) were found by mastitis followed by anthrax (1.75%), dermatophilosis (0.81%) and the lowest prevalence (0.61%) by black quarter, followed by hemorrhagic septicemia (0.40%) as shown in (Table 1).
Table 1: Prevalence of bovine bacterial diseases.
Fig. 1: Prevalent of bovine bacterial diseases represented in vertical bar diagram by sigma plot version 13.
Prevalence of bovine viral diseases
Among viral diseases the highest prevalence (8.19 %), were found in Ephemeral fever followed by foot and mouth disease (1.61%), whereas the lowest prevalence (0.29%) were documented in rabies as shown in (Table 2).
Fig. 2: Prevalent of bovine viral diseases represented in vertical bar diagram by sigma plot version 13.
Table 2: Prevalent of bovine viral diseases.
Prevalence of bovine parasitic disease
Under protozoa diseases the highest prevalence (1.75%) was found in coccidiosis. In general, the prevalence of protozoa disease was (2.90%). Again, under internal diseases Fascioliasis (10.28%). Furthermore, under external parasite diseases, the highest prevalence (3.51%) was witnessed in tick whereas the lowest prevalence (1.61%) was detected in Lice as shown in (Table 3).
Table 3: Prevalence of bovine parasitic disease.
Fig. 3: Prevalent of bovine parasitic diseases represented in vertical bar diagram by sigma plot version 13.
Table 3: Prevalent of bovine metabolic diseases and other disorders.
Prevalence of bovine bacterial diseases
In this the highest prevalence was noticed in mastitis (4.25%) followed by anthrax (1.75%), Dermato-philosis (0.81%), hemorrhagic septicemia (0.40%) and black quarter (BQ) (0.61%). According to the bacterial diseases category the present result was lower than the result of Juli et al. (2015) who reported that the highest prevalence was observed in dermatophilosis (10.43%), followed by (1.76%), mastitis (0.73%), black quarter (0.59%). Nath et al. (2010) reported that the prevalence of dermatophilosis 13.55% which higher than this study. Badruzzaman et al. (2015) reported prevalence of dermatophilosis 0.19% which significantly different from this result and mastitis was 1.30% which is lower than this result. Dissimilar results were reported by Karim et al. (2014) who described that prevalence of mastitis and black quarters were 1.1% and 1.4% respectively.
Prevalence of bovine viral diseases
The prevalence of FMD in this study was (1.61%) which was slightly lower than the results of Rahman et al. (2012) who reported 1.79%, 1.3% and 2.5% cases of FMD in cattle respectively. But our results are significantly different from the recent repot of Bangladesh as 4.74% and 0.27%. Sarker et al. (2011) and Mannan et al. (2009) reported that prevalence of foot and mouth disease (25.07%) at Rajshahi district and 24.51% at Meghna upazila of Comilla respec-tively which was higher than this study. Badruzzaman et al. (2015) conducted a study in Chittagong district of Bangladesh and they found that prevalence of foot and mouth disease and ephemeral fever as 4.74% and 0.27% (Bekere et al., 2022).
Prevalence of bovine parasitic diseases
In our present study, the prevalence of ectoparasite the highest prevalence was recorded in tick (3.51) followed by lice (1.61%). This result is greater than the findings of Uddin et al. (2015) reported that the prevalence of ectoparasitic infection were showed 1.96% in all clinical cases that was lower than my finding. Rony et al. (2010) conducted a study in Gazipur of Bangladesh, and recorded 68.49%, 65.5%, 65.4% and 64.07% prevalence of tick infestation in cattle, respectively which was higher than my result. Ghosh et al. (2007) reported 80% cattle affected by ticks in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. They also reported the prevalence of babesiosis as 5.94% in India, which is higher than the results of present study. Subclinical infection of Anaplasma marginale in cattle has been reported frequently from many parts of the world as a concurrent infection with other blood parasites like Theileria and Babesia.
This observation is not consistence with Badruzzaman et al. (2015) who reported that the prevalence of parasitic disease as 30.64% of which, in summer 12.78 %, in rainy 9.79%, winter 8.07%. in Chittagong district and they also reported 26.79% parasitic diseases to all clinical cases, of which 10.13% in cows, 5.22% in bulls and 11.43% in calves. Rahman et al. (2012) conducted a study at the Patuakhali Science and Technology University Veterinary Clinic and reported parasitic disease prevalence as 50.4% which is significantly lower from my study results. Hashim et al. reported that prevalence of maggot-infested wounds 11%, and 2.20% respectively in cattle from Bangladesh although our observation was slightly different from them.
Prevalence of metabolic diseases and other disorder
In this study, the highest prevalence of cattle disease is anorexia (4.83%) followed by pneumonia (3.36%), diarrhea (2.19%), bloat (2.040, dysentery (0.87%). Dissimilar findings were reported by Badruzzaman et al. (2015) reported that prevalence of as 1.26% which is lower than our observation.
Our study demonstrated that, in Mirzapur upazila of Tangail district of Bangladesh, most important acknowledged cattle diseases, comprising digestive disorders, parasitic diseases, infectious diseases, respiratory diseases, and metabolic diseases. Among them, Digestive disorders and parasitic diseases are particularly higher compared to others, especially among cross-bred female cattle. Highest prevalence of bacterial diseases was mastitis followed by anthrax. Among the viral diseases the highest prevalence were found in Ephemeral fever followed by foot and mouth disease. Coccidiosis and Fascioliasis were observed as the highest prevalence among the protozoal and parasitic diseases. Anorexia and Pneumonia were the highest among the metabolic diseases and other disorders. We hope that, these data in the projected area will provide valuable perceptions for line up other researchers on particular diseases and will also emerging actual control strategies bovine diseases.
All of the methods and experimental procedures were conducted according to the approved guidelines by the ethical committee of PSTU.
M.R.M.; and M.M.S. Performed the data collection, Writing and drafted the whole manuscript. N. A.; M.I.H.; M.T.R. Helped in data collection. M. K. K.; M.J.A.; B.A. Helped in data collection. M.M.H. Helped in data collection, review & English editing. M.M.RC. Supervise, methodology, conceptualization. Developed the research idea and conducted the analysis of data, and helped in data collection, writing the whole manuscript and also review & editing.
This research was supported by the funding of Internship programme of FANSVM, PSTU. The authors also would like to acknowledge the research and Training Centre (RTC) of PSTU for their valuable support and contribution in research
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Sabbir MM, Mahmud MR, Ahmed N, Hossain MI, Rahman MT, Khan MK, Ahmed MJ, Ahamed B, Howlader MM, and Chowdhury MMM. (2024). Epidemiological study on bovine diseases at Mirzapur upazila of Tangail district, Bangladesh. Eur. J. Med. Health Sci., 6(6), 170-176. https://doi.org/10.34104/ejmhs.024.01700176