Present Scenario of Human Resource Management (HRM) Practices in the Life Insurance Companies: Bangladesh Perspective

To keep the economic challenge in Bangladesh fast and active with other financial and non-financial companies, the insurance companies are playing a crucial contribution to our wealth. This economic contribution, no doubt, could be more effective in economy, if our insurance companies could able to apply HRM philosophy in its all spheres. In true sense, the concept of HRM practices are not widely applied aspects in many insurance companies still in our country due to some pivotal shortcomings. The aim of study was to identify the present scenario (good/poor) of HRM application in the life insurance companies in our country. The study was limited to 10 life insurance companies in our country comprising all branch offices in Dhaka city. To collect relevant data, a comprehensive questionnaire (Liker Scale) was circulated among 220 respondents. The respondents were officers and branch managers. The most striking results of HRM practice was unsatisfactory/poor in all life insurance companies for the reasons of employees’ absenteeism, employees’ turnover, inadequate training facilities, lack of motivational tools, inadequate welfare facilities, absence of performance rating system, etc. It is recommended that, the life insurance should keep good HRM practice to minimize their employees’ absenteeism and turnover. Secondly, the companies can arrange adequate trainings (on-the-job & off-the-job) facilities for their existing employees. Then, the life insurance can practice a positive motivation, leadership, and adequate welfare facilities for their human resources. Finally, the companies can maintain performance evaluation system in regular for minimizing their poor HRM practices.

UniversePG I www.universepg.com Insurance companies in many ways (Charumathi, 2012). Consequently, life insurance companies are providing the unique financial services to the growth and development of our economy by keeping pace with the other financial industry. Ahmed et al., (2010) argues that today's business world without insurance assurance is unsustainable since business may not have the capacity to retain all kinds of risks in this ever changing and uncertain global economy, only HRM applications as an emerging issue are the key factors for bringing success of any insurance company. Undoubtedly, HRM is the part of the organization concerned with the "people/manpower" dimension and regarded as human is a capital (Dessler & Varkkey (2011).
A good practice of HRM in insurance companies ensures the right persons for the right position who will able to turn organizational opportunities into productivity. In the word of Ulrich and Lake (1991), organizational capability assures to hire and retain competent employees and developing their competencies through effective human resource management practices. Exactly, developing a skillful workforce is essential to sustainable competitive advantage in any insurance companies (Kundu and Vora, 2004). According to Becker (1993), HRM is about valuing the role of people to bring the benefit of an organization, and the term 'human capital' describes the results by human capacity, skill and knowledge for manufacturing of goods and services.
In addition, Khatri (1999) told that, people are one of the most pivotal capital providing flexibility and adaptability to organizations. In the same way, Stavrou-Costea, (2005) argued that, people (managers), not the firm, are the adjustment factors in fixing how the firm will respond to the cutthroat environment. HRM can help firms to improve behavior with staff commitment, competency, and flexibility which in turn leads to improved staff execution (Koch and McGrath, 1996). People should be regarded as assets rather than variable costs (Ejaz and Akbar, 2015). In the word of (Khnodkar and Rahman, 1993), human resources are valuable and a source of competitive advantage. BIA (2012) stated that, people and their collective skills, abilities and experience are now recognized as making a significant role to organizational triumph and as constituting a major source of competitive advantage. The main reason of this study is to highlight present scenario (Good/Poor) of HRM applications in some selected life insurance companies in our country. At the same time, some effective measures and suggestions will be added based on research findings for good HRM applications in all the life insurance in Bangladesh.

Justification of Research:
The life insurances of our country are the pivotal part of our present economy. The phenomenal aspect of our economy could be more, if the insurance companies could able to practice HRM from top to bottom (Chowdhury and Huda, 2014). HRM concept is known to many life insurances in our country having HR related problems such as employees' absenteeism, employees' turnover, improper recruitment & selection, inadequate training facilities, lack of motivational tools, inadequate welfare facilities, absence of job appraisal system etc (Faruk and Rahaman, 2015). In this case, the life insurance must need to acquire more knowledge of HRM for solving their HR related problems.
Otherwise, the poor applications of HRM will cause a plethora of negative aspects such as, employees' dissatisfaction, absenteeism & turnover, employees' grievance, low morale, unfavorable working condition, inadequate health & safety etc. To minimize the above HRM applications, the life insurances should keep an awareness of their employees' absenteeism and turnover, training facilities for their existing employees, practice employees' motivation and adequate welfare facilities for their human resources. Besides, the companies can maintain a job appraisal system in regular basis for minimizing their poor HRM applications.
However, HRM practices assure the recruitment, selection, development, compensation, retention, evaluation, and promotion of personnel within the life insurance that can be the key success factors in future. In this regard, minimizing the poor applications of HRM may be a boon for the HR managers to boost up the organization in term of HR functions and its realistic application within organizations. UniversePG I www.universepg.com

Objectives of the Research:
The true aim of this study has been identified the present scenario of HRM applications in the insurances in Bangladesh. In this regard, the most concrete directions will cover in this study are:  To search for the current scenario of HRM application in some selected life insurances in Bangladesh.  To represent the negative consequences of poor HRM applications in some selected life Insurances in our country.  To provide some relevant guidelines on the basis of the findings of the study to assure a good HRM applications in those selected life insurances.

Research Questions:
To address the above stated research objectives, the following study questions will keep in mind throughout this project study: HRM is a set of distinct but associated activities, functions, and processes that are administered at attracting, developing, and maintaining effective workforce (Lado and Wilson, 1994). Additionally, Mishra (2009) argues that, the effective HRM applications can be the determining factor for the triumph of a firm. In view of Lee and Lee's (2007), HRM applications such as proper recruitment & selection, training and development, teamwork, compensation & benefit, performance assessment, and employee job security & satisfaction etc. helps to improve employee's productivity, product quality and the firm's flexibility. In this regard Legge (1995) argue that HR has a direct impact on the organizational policy and job performance.
According to Arthur (1994) highly commitment human resource activities increase organizational effectiveness by improving working conditions for employees to feel safer in work & involved in the achievement of the organization's objectives. Huselid (1995) suggests, after investigation over 900 organizations in the US that HR practices can be divided into two categories: first, skill-enhancing HR functions including selection, training, and development are correlated with minimizing turnover and improving financial performance and second, motivation-enhancing pursuit including performance evaluation and compensation activities are associated with measures of productivity. In the word of Dessler and Varkkey (2009) HRM is the process of getting, training, assessing, and compensating employees, and maintaining labor rapport, health and safety, and fairness concern. In this regard, Haslinda, (2009) argues that HRM refers to the policies, practices, and systems that influence employees' behavior, attitudes, and performance.
Additionally, Pfeffer, (1998) views that recruitment and selection is that function of HRM which ensures the success and growth of an organization by taking the employee inside the organization. Again Roy (2008) further points that recruitment is the method of encouraging and examining people to apply for present and anticipated job openings while selection is the system of choosing individuals who have relevant identification to fill present-day and anticipated job openings. Besides, Mondy et al (2005) opines that performance assessment is a formal process of reviewing and assessing individual and team performance. Pfeffer (1998) suggests that soft or high commitment of HR practices generate trust in employees for bringing employees' empowerment and involvement in HR decision making. According to Lee & Heard (2010) HRM is considered a critical organizational resource that helps an organization sustain its effectiveness with job satisfaction, and organizational commitment. Wayne et al (1997) suggests that HRM indicates organization's intentions to cost in employees (such as education, progressive experiences and training) bring higher levels of affective organizational commitment.
In this literature review, one of the prime functions of the life insurance is to act as a risk transfer mechanism related to human life to provide peace of mind and protect against the future losses (Hye, and Rahman, 1997). So life insurance is a big opportunity for our country with a large population and untapped potential (Habibullah, 1999). Indeed, a well developed and evolved life insurance industry is a windfall for economic development as it provides long-term funds for infrastructure development of every economy (Haque 2006). According to Islam and Mamun (2005), after the independent of the People's Republic of Bangladesh in 1971, the government nationalized the insurance company along with the financial institutions in 1972 by Presidential Order No. 95. By virtue of this order, all insurance industries are operating their business under this order.
Life insurance was introduced in our country in the pre-independence period (1971) with the launching of business by American Life Insurance Company, popularly known as ALICO (now MetLife ALICO). Although life insurances have got a massive improvement over the years in Bangladesh with the rapid growth of private insurance companies (BIA 2012). In the word of Rahman (2000) from Bangladesh perspective insurance business was not a promising sector in its early age but it is getting its pace day by day with the growth of overall economic condition of the country. Bangladesh Insurance Association and Bangladesh insurance academy is playing a vital role to keep the insurance business safe and sound in Bangladesh.

METHODOLOGY:
Research Design -This study has been designed entirely to analyze the research questions to check out the result indicated by the research objective in the context of Bangladesh. Both the quantitative and qualitative data will be used for getting the final result of this research.
Sampling Method -In this study, since all respondents can vary to their status and profession, I have selected the random sampling method to determine the sample size from the population and the total sample size is 220 for getting the best result. Among the total sample respondents, firstly I have estimated the respondents who have not filled up the research questionnaires, then the actual the number of respondents can be finally estimated for the purpose of my research.
Data Collection and Analysis -This paper is based on both primary and secondary data, where primary data were collected through a structured questionnaire on insurance employees. Additionally, convenient sample technique has been applied in case of respondent interview purpose. The target population of this study was employees in Dhaka city who are serving as insurance officials such as junior officers, senior officers and branch managers of different insurance companies. In this study, 10  The total number of 220 insurance officials has been considered for necessary data focusing on HRM dimensions such as promotion policy, performance evaluation system, employees' commitment, compensation package, job security, training and development, reward and motivation and working environment. The questionnaire was made on considering a five point Likert scale, whereas 1= dissatisfied, 2 = somehow satisfied, 3 = satisfied, 4 = moderately satisfied, 5 = highly satisfied. Moreover, secondary data were considered for the theoretical development of the study, collected from related journals, books, newspapers and internet, etc. In this study, some statistical measures such as, 5 point Likert scale, mean, Rank, and proportion analysis is used to UniversePG I www.universepg.com analyze the data for the findings of the present scenario of HRM application in the insurance companies of Bangladesh.
Limitations of the Study -In time of conducting this research, especially in data collection, the following limitations can be considered-Firstly, the respondents may be limited to their sample size and composition. Secondly, some respondents may be reluctant to fill up the questionnaires. Thirdly, since data collection is done in Dhaka city only, it may fail to represent the pervasive result for widely used.

RESULTS AND ANALYSIS:
In this research, the data has been collected from 220 respondents of junior officers, senior officers, and branch managers of the selected life insurance companies, etc. by using a structured survey questionnaire. All the questionnaires have personally administered to each respondent and the response rate was satisfactory. The collected data have analyzed by using simple statistics and results are tabulated and reported in parentages.
Demographic information of the Respondents -In the questionnaires, there is a section concerning respondents' profile to get a general concept about the respondents' gender, age, material status and their professional status etc. A profile of respondents' is presented in the following Table 1. Total number of sample respondents is 220 and 200 respondents have given final research information where male is 120 and female is 80. The most salient demographic finding according to Table-1 is 120 of respondents (n=120) are male and 80 of respondents (n=80) are female. Out of total respondents, 50% of the respondents were between 20 and 30 where 35% of respondents were between 30 and 40 and 15% of respondents were between 40 and 50 years range. Similarly, 65% of respondents were single while married accounted for 35%. Most of the respondents were highly educated (40%) where Junior and senior officers were 48%, and finally branch managers were 10%.  Sometimes, the insurance business could be an unthinkable operation lacking of HRM application (Siddiqui et al., 1995). Truly, developing human resources; changing corporate culture, values and the effective utilization of human resources are essential to the success and sustainable development of today's insurance companies in our country (Solaiman and Haque 1999). From the literature study of Nazim-ud-Din (2013), 15 HRM functions have been identified and administered to the current respondents of 10 selected life insurance companies of our country. All the respondents such as junior officers, senior officers, and branch managers have given their opinion about the prime functions of HRM.  The above pie chat (Fig 1) represents five major HRM functions by the life insurance companies in our country are proper recruitment and selection (15.50%); training and development facilities (12.50%); fair compensation and benefit facilities (11.00%); fair promotion and career growth (10.00%); performance rating system (8.50%).

CONCLUSION:
In summary, from the above research findings, the current scenario of HRM applications in the life insurance companies in our country is not in a satisfactory level due to having some shortcomings such as employees' absenteeism, employees' turnover, inadequate training facilities, lack of motivational tools, inadequate welfare facilities, absence of performance rating system, etc. The study recommended a few logical issues for our life insurance companies to reduce this poor situation by applying good HRM applications to ensure more profit and reputation. In this regard, according to Uddin and Khan (2005), both the general and life insurance companies should apply HRM functions for reducing their employees' absenteeism and turnover; can arrange adequate on the job and off the job training facilities for their existing employees; can practice a positive motivation and adequate welfare facilities; can maintain a performance assessment system in regular basis for minimizing this current unsatisfactory scenario of HRM practice. Last but not least; HRM can be an ultimate compact solution of all life insurance companies' HR related problems by realizing that HR is the best resource among all other resources such as financial resource, physical resource, information resource or 6M (men, machine, material, money, market and method). The research findings have assisted us to realize the importance of HRM application in all insurance companies to assure the full utilization of human skills in work by thinking that human is a capital not a liability or burden at all.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
Authors would like to thank Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Trishal, Mymensingh, Bangladesh authority for providing all types of facilities to perform this study.