The Relationship Between Lengthy Job Recruitment Process and NEET: A Study on Bangladesh Public Service Commission Respect to Selected Year’s BCS Exams

The NEETs indicator has become very popular in recent years and is increasingly used by individual researchers, governments, international organizations, and so on. It refers to the percentage of youth those who are not in employment, education, or training. In Bangladesh, the NEET percentage is higher than the other Asia-Pacific countries. This paper has addressed the relationship between the Lengthy Job Recruitment Process and NEET rate in Bangladesh's respect to BCS Exam Taken by the Bangladesh Public Service Commission. The study has applied a descriptive research design with a quantitative approach to determine the extent of each factor in the analysis. Data was collected from secondary sources likeILOSTAT, News-portal, and BPSC annual reports for the years of 2010, 13, 16, and 17. Data were analyzed by using descriptive analysis (means and standard deviation, correlation analysis (Pearson Correlation), and simple linear regression analysis. The study found that lengthy job recruitment processing time has significant effects (P-value 0.068 at 0.10 significant levels) on NEET rate in Bangladesh respect to selected year’s BCS exams taken by the Bangladesh Public Service Commission. The coefficient of determination (Adjusted R=0.869) showed that 86.90% of the success recorded in the NEET rate changes in Bangladesh accounted for lengthy job recruitment processing time taken by the Bangladesh Public Service Commission respect to selected year’s BCS exams.

dwellers above the age of 13 years are more disadvantaged than poor rural girls (Dewan and Sarkar, 2017).
Bangladesh is considered as a developing economy. Over the last decade, Bangladesh has enjoyed an average annual growth rate of 6.43 percent (Trading economics, 2019). Yet Bangladesh spends less on education and training programs than all other countries in South Asia except Sri Lanka. There is scope for improvement in education, training, and development to reduce the unemployment problem in the country (Rashid and Islam, 2020). Presently, in Bangladesh with all other developing nations NEET level is also very high that reduces the total productivity of the country. There may have some reasons for the increasing NEET level in Bangladesh. If it is possible to find out the reasons and eliminate then the economy of the country will go for faster movement. The researchers predicted some of the reasons those may have some direct relationships with the NEET problem in Bangladesh. The lengthy job recruitment processing time has taken by the BPSC is one of the predicted reasons.
This study seeks to answer the question that is there any relationship between the lengthy job recruitment process and NEET rate in Bangladesh's respect to BCS exam taken by the Bangladesh public service commission? A survey was done on selected 4 year's BCS exam processing time taken by the BPSC against which NEET levels are also available for the study to find the relationship. The results indicate that the effect of lengthy job recruitment processing time (in days) taken by the Bangladesh public service commission respect to BCS exam in increasing NEET level in Bangladesh is relevant and statistically significant.

The Objective of the Study:
General Objective -The general objective of the study was to identify the relationship between the Lengthy Job Recruitment Process and NEET rate in Bangladesh's respect to BCS Exam Taken by the Bangladesh Public Service Commission.
Specific Objective -To explore the effects of a lengthy job recruitment process by the Bangladesh Public Service Commission (BPSC) on NEET rate in Bangladesh respect to Bangladesh Civil Service recruitment exams.

Literature Review:
The study reviews different theories related to the variables as well as empirical evidence from different research articles and publications captured herewith.

a. Theoretical Review: This section mainly
focused on theories that anchor the study in terms of variables.
Recruitment -Recruitment is a process where the aim is identifying, screening, short listing, and hiring potential resources for appointing of the vacant positions in an organization. It is the main function of human resource management. Recruitment can be explained as the process of selecting the right person at right time for the right position. Recruitment also refers to the process of rubbing, choosing, and appointing dynamic candidates to fulfill the organization's human resource requirements (Tutorial Point, 2019).
Job Recruitment Process -Process means the way through which a job is done. Recruitment is also a process it needs to follow a chain of tasks to get the desired outcomes. It can be said that when a systematic way is followed to appoint human resources in an organization is called the recruitment process. The recruitment process can be expressed as the following five interrelated stages: Finally the result is published about 1.5 to 2 months after finishing the viva voce and the best candidates are selected (Wikipedia, 2019).
NEET -NEET is the abbreviation of "Not in Employment, Education, or Training". It refers to a person who is not employed, not in school or vocational training. To identify a person as NEET was first introduced in the United Kingdom, but the use of the word has spread to other countries and regions, including Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Canada, and the United States (Wikipedia, 2019). The term 'NEET' widely used in the field of education when it's full meaning is 'Not in Education, Employment or Training' but the young generation prefers to use it as a term for bums/layouts with no future (Hannahandben, 2009).
The portion of youth who are neither in education nor in employment or training among young generation (the so-called "NEET rate") is comparatively a new indicator, but the global organizations and the media are emphasizing an increasing importance on it. The concept of "NEET" has popularity that is related with its possessed opportunity to trace a broad arrangement of vulnerabilities among the youth or young generation, early school leaving, contacting the issues of unemployment, and labor market discouragement. These are all the issues that access greater attention as young people continuing to feel the consequences of the economic crisis, especially in advanced economies (Sara, 2015).

NEETs in Bangladesh -
Bangladesh is a remarkable country in the present world's growing economy that has already met several targets of the MDGs is now on the road to achieving the targets of SDGs. But to achieve the target unemployment problem especially in young generation aged between15 to 24 years is a major obstacle. There are several reasons for this problem that increase the level of NEET rate in this country.
The rate of NEET is significantly higher in Bangladesh. Presently, Bangladesh is in the stage of achieving inclusive and equitable growth along with sustainable development. Youth is the fuel of achieving the targets. The experience of the older generation and the energy of youth will take Bangladesh in the next door of growth and development. But, if a major portion of young people become NEET then the reduced labor force participation will surely hamper the national productivity and thus the growth rate (Kalimullah & Zaman, 2018).

b. Empirical Review:
This section highlights key readings relevant to the study. The NEET concept is relatively new for the old age people as it is a sort of new generation. It can be explained as the following way that the young people when they feel they are excluded from any sort of social activities; as a result, they are withdrawn from their home or even from their own room for months, maybe for years, where they remain engaged in their personal interests such as the video games, internet, or social networking, etc. They are often demotivated, reconciled young people who cannot see any future in their lives (Storz, 2010). At present young people struggle in the labor market in spite of being the most highly educated generation in history. The rate of unemployment among young generation is higher than the prime-aged adults in the society those who has the intension to work in poorer-quality jobs and temporary contracts or to earn lower wages than old workers (OECD, 2016).
The young people whose NEET status is not so deeply entrenched and do not have major barriers to learning, informal learning programs are mostly helpful for them. They are most effective when they have malleable program features (such as fleet start dates), offer young people a wide range of courses, including good quality vocational options that have labor market currency, and incorporate excellent IAG. The use of individual action plans, or learner agreements, and the presence of a mentor are also important components (Nelson and O'Donnell, 2012). In Britain, there has been a particular policy related young generation who leaves full time education before the age of sixteen and then pass a major time not in education, training or employment (NEET) (Bynner and Parsons, 2002). According to Maguire (2015), the policy makers in Britain exactly can define the term NEET as the way that young people who are not engaged in regular education, training or employment, and if this rate is high in number and continuous for longer period then it will difficult to challenge them. Spending a lot of time, not in employment, education, or training (NEET) has negative impacts on physical and mental health and the effects turn into a greater problem when time spent as NEET is at a young age or lasting for longer period. Because the possibility of becoming NEET follows a social gradient, minimizing the proportion of people in NEET could help to minimize the inequalities of health issues (PHE, 2014).
In Asia-Pacific region the NEET rate can help to booster the effects of labor market challenges faced by the youth population. The NEET rate precisely a confluence of elements including the early school leavers, unemployed, and those who are not interested in looking for work. Finally, NEET rate will be used to facilitate benchmark progress unto SDGs 8 and stop NEET data shortages (ILO, 2016).
The worldwide concerning fact is that the young generation is three times more likely than their parents to be out of work. In Greece and South Africa, more than fifty percent of the young people are not employed, and the jobless level is also 25 percent or more. The scenario is also common in the Middle East, Europe and Northern Africa. Surprising fact is that in Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries, there are more than twelve percent are not in employment, education, or training (NEET) among all 15-to 24 years-olds. As per ILO presumption there are 75 million unemployed young people in the world. And the rate will be triple if underemployed youth are also counted. Such digit illustrates not just a huge pool of unutilized talent; they are also a source of numerous potential social trouble and individual pessimism (Mourshed et al., 2014). The part of youths who are normally classified as 'Not in Employment, Education or Training' (NEET) and look for trends in terms of posture and predispositions, as well as, bunch ordination in terms of key factors (e.g. location, age, and gender) for those who are formally Classified as NEETs (ESF, 2013).
From the beginning the NEET rate in case of women is higher than the men though the gap is decreasing over the recent years. The main reason for this gap is the women of the whole world are more interested to look after their family or home and that is why they remain inactive. But in case of men they remain inactive only when they are sick or disabled (Powell, 2018).

METHODOLOGY:
The study has applied a descriptive research design. Data was collected from secondary sources like-ILO, News-portal, and BPSC annual reports.

ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS:
Data were analyzed through descriptive analysis (means and standard deviation), correlation analysis (Pearson Correlation), and simple linear regression analysis, to test the nature and strength of the relationship between the lengthy job recruitment process and NEET rate in Bangladesh regarding the BCS exam taken by the Bangladesh Public Service Commission. The above statement shows the average NEET rate in Bangladesh and average job recruitment time for the BCS exam taken by the BPSC by indicating their Std. Deviation. Pearson's correlation coefficient gives information about the degree of correlation as well as the direction of the correlation. Bivariate test results of the Pearson Correlation Table 3 showing the degree of correlation between the variables. Here, the result of the correlation has indicated that job recruitment time taken by the BPSC of selected year's BCS exam has a positive correlation with the NEET rate in Bangladesh with the value of r = 0.932, p < 0.05. Therefore, in this study, the independent variable (Job recruitment time taken by the BPSC) is correlated with the dependent variable (NEET rate in Bangladesh) for the selected year's BCS exam in Bangladesh. It indicates that there is an influence of the lengthy job recruitment process on the NEET rate in Bangladesh.

III. Linear Regression Analysis
This section presents a discussion of the results of inferential statistics. The researcher introduced a simple linear regression analysis so as to determine the relationship between Job Recruitment Time Taken by the BPSC and NEET Rate in Bangladesh. The researcher used the statistical package SPSS-23 to enter and compute the measurements of the linear regression for the study and the P-value was incorporated in reference to a significance level of 0.10. Findings are presented in the following tables.
From the below From the below Table 5: ANOVA, results indicate the overall goodness of fit in terms of the extent to job recruitment time (in days) taken by the BPSC in case of BCS exams that explain the relationship with NEET rate in Bangladesh for selected years from 2010-17 that were studied. The P-value is 0.068, which is less than the significant level of 0.10. Hence, the model is overall a good fit ,and job recruitment time (in days) taken by the BPSC in case of BCS exams is a good measure to explore the relationship with NEET rate in Bangladesh studied.   if the job recruitment process is lengthy for BCS exams by the BPSC then the NEET rate will be increased and it will create some adverse effects on the young generation of the country and finally the national productivity and sustainable growth and development.

CONCLUSION:
As a developing country in the South-Asian region, Bangladesh has to face several problems. But the problems become tremendous when it is found that the average NEET rate in Bangladesh is higher than the other neighbors in this region. The study found that the average NEET rate is 26.65 percent which is really surprising. This NEET rate indicates that among 100 youths aged 15-24 years about 27 (more than one fourth) are not in employment, education, or training. If the huge number of young people is not productive then the economic growth and development will not be faster enough while the country's overall economy vastly depends on youths. Future earnings and employment of the society is strictly affected by NEET. A young person who is NEET will earn substantially less over his or her lifetime. When they are employed against lower earnings with a greater chance of being unemployment, means that being NEET compel a 'wage scar' on an individual. Since the young people in NEET group come from the various backgrounds and characteristics, the NEET being a short period as part of the normal transition. But there are momentous obstacles to take part in education or work for others-like, having a conductible or mental health problem, being a adolescent parent, or lack of support from the family (Copps and Keen, 2009). Since Bangladesh is on the road to achieving the targets of SDGs, it needs to focus on NEET issues immediately to reduce it and to maintain constant growth and development. This study concluded that there is a significant relationship between the Lengthy Job Recruitment Process and NEET rate in Bangladesh's respect to BCS Exam Taken by the Bangladesh Public Service Commission. As evident from this study, lengthy job recruitment processing time increases the NEET level in Bangladesh. Therefore, the Bangladesh Public Service Commission needs to be more efficient and attentive to complete the recruitment procedure in a shorter period of time than that is now.